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Bio 111 Goschke Fnal
Final for Grace Goschke Bio 111
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heritable change in a line of descent in a population or species over time. | Evolution |
| Consequence of certain individual organisms being born with characteristics that enable them to survive better and reproduce more. | Natural Selection |
| Four different mechanisms by which evolution takes place | Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, and Natural Selection |
| An alteration of the base-pair sequence in the DNA of an individual | Mutation |
| High energy sources (radiation), chemicals in the environment | Causes of Mutation |
| A random change in allele frequencies in a population that do not influence reproductive success. Impact is much greater in small populations. | Genetic Drift |
| The genetic features of the surviving members of a population, which has been decimated by various causes, dominate the new population. | Bottleneck Effect |
| Founding members of a new population can have different allele frequencies than the original source population. | Founder Effect |
| Also called Gene Flow. Movement of some individuals of a species from one population to another. | Migration |
| 3 conditions necessary for Natural Selection | 1. Variation for a Trait 2. Heritability of said Trait 3. Differential reproductive success |
| A measure of the relative amount of reproduction of an individual with a particular phenotype, as compared with the reproductive output of individuals with alternative phenotypes | Fitness |
| Process by which organisms become better fit for their environment. Occurs as a result of natural selection. | Adaptation |
| Certain characteristics of a population are selected by a director (e.g. a farmer) influencing the change of a populations allele frequency | Directional Selection |
| Occurs when individuals with intermediate phenotypes are the most fit. | Stabilizing Selection |
| Individuals with extreme phenotypes experience the highest fitness and those with intermediate phenotypes have the lowest. | Disruptive Selection |
| Five primary lines of evidence for Evolution | 1. Fossil Records 2. Biogeography 3. Comparative anatomy and embryology 4. Molecular biology 5. Laboratory and field experiments |
| Different starting materials (of different species) that evolve to perform the same function. | Convergent Evolution |
| Any and all actions performed by an organism | Behavior |
| Behaviors that don't require environmental input to develop. Present in all individuals in a population. Also called Instincts. | Innate Behaviors |
| Kindness towards close relatives | Kin Selection |
| Kindness toward unrelated individuals. Requires ability to recognize and punish "cheaters" | Reciprocal Altruism |
| Males and Females look much different. Indicator of Polygamy | Sexual Dimorphism |
| Males and Females look the same. Indicator of Monogamy | Sexual Monomorphism |
| Individuals are physically or behaviorally unable to mate. | Prezygote Barriers |
| Occurs after fertilization. Hybrid offspring that are infertile. | Postzygote Barriers |
| Rapid periods of evolutionary change punctuated by longer periods of little change | Punctuated Equilibrium |
| Pace of evolution occurs gradually in incremental steps. | Gradual Change |
| Adaptive Radiation | Small number of species diversifies into a larger number of species. Triggered by (3 events) Mass extinctions, Colonization, Evolutionary Innovations. |
| Individuals of the same species in a given area | Population |
| Populations of all species in a habitat | Communities |
| All living organisms, as well as non-living elements that interact in a particular area | Ecosystems |
| study of interactions between populations of organisms and their environments | Population Ecology |
| S-shaped growth curve. Population grows exponentially, then growth slows as the population size approaches the environments carrying capacity. | Logistic Growth |
| Type 1 Survivorship | High survival until old age, then rapid decreasing survivorship. Few predators, few offspring |
| Type 2 Survivorship | Survivorship decreases at a steady, regular pace. Likelihood of dying is the same at every age. |
| Type 3 Survivorship | High mortality early in life, but those that survive early years live long lives. |
| 3 types of Life History Trade-Offs | Reproduction and Survival, Reproduction and Growth, Number and Size of Offspring |
| Individuals tend to reproduce earlier. Earlier aging. Shorter life spans. | High Hazard Factor |
| Individuals tend to reproduce later. Later aging. Longer life spans. | Low Hazard Factor |
| Features of a Niche | Space an organism requires. Type and amount of food an organism utilizes. The timing of an organism's reproduction. Necessary living conditions for an organism. |
| One species within an overlapping niche utilizes resources more efficiently, driving the other species to local extinction | Competitive Exclusion |
| Two species within an overlapping niche alter their use of the niche, dividing the resources. | Resource Partitioning |
| Include mechanical, chemical, warning coloration, and camouflage mechanisms | Physical Defenses |
| Defenses that Include hiding/escaping, Alarm calling & Fighting back | Behavioral Defenses |
| Mutualism | Both species benefit from the interaction |
| Commensalism | One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped |
| Parasitism | One organism benefits while the other is harmed |
| Process of nature reclaiming an area and of communities gradually changing over time | Succession |
| Process begins in an area with no life present | Primary Succession |
| Process occurs in an area where life is already present | Secondary Succession |
| A species which has an unusually large influence on the presence or absence of numerous other species in the community. (star fish) | Keystone Species |
| 3 Factors influencing Biodiversity | (1) Solar energy available, (2) Evolutionary history of an are, (3)Rate of Disturbance |
| Biodiversity Hotspots (3) | Islands, Tropical Rainforests, and Coral Reefs |
| Formation of Rain (3 steps) | Air is heated and rises, Rising air cools, Cooling air loses moisture (cold air holds less moisture, therefore...rain). |
| Rain shadow effect | 1) Wind blows from oceans toward land, rises when it hits mountains 2) Rising air cools and holds less moisture, leading to cloud formation and rain 3) Air passes over mountain top and falls, becoming warmer and increasing the moisture it can hold. |
| Plants convert light energy from the sun into food through photosynthesis | Primary producers |
| Herbivores are animals that eat plants | Primary Consumers |
| Carnivores are animals that eat herbivores | Secondary Consumers |
| Top carnivores are animals that eat other carnivores | Tertiary Consumers |
| __% of the biomass from each trophic level is converted into biomass in the next trophic level | 10% |
| Chief reservoir for Carbon | CO2 in the atmosphere, fixed by plants during photosynthesis |
| Chief reservoir for Nitrogen | N2 in the atmosphere, fixed into a usable form for plants by microorganisms and bacteria in soil |
| Chief reservoir for Phosphorus | Soil. Fixed into a usable form for plants by microorganisms and bacteria in soil |
Created by:
lkimmel1
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