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Anita Gordilla 2
microbiology exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Substrate-level Phosporylaytion | - The synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate metabolic compound to ADP. |
| Oxidative phosporylation | the synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transport. |
| Photophosphorylation | the production of ATP in a series of redox reactions; electrons from chlorophyll initiate the reactions. |
| anaerobic | respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule other than the molecular oxygen. |
| aerobic | respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an organic molecule other than the molecular oxygen. Prokaryotes generate 38 molecules of ATP aerobically for each molecule of glucose; eukaryotes produce only 36 |
| Competitive inhibition | fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site |
| Noncompetitive inhibition | do not compete with the substarate for the active site, instead they interact with another part of the enzyme, the allosteric site, and causes the active site to change it’s shape. Can be reversible or irreversible. |
| ATP stands for: | adenosine triphosphate |
| What are the advantages of using the pentose phosphate pathway as an alternative to glycolysis. | It produces important intermediate pentoses used in the synthesis of (1) nucleic acids, (2) glucose from carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, and (3) certain amino acids. |
| How much energy is produced using aerobic respiration | prokaryote: 38 ATP, Eukaryote: 36 ATP for each molecule of glucose) vs. fermentation( 2) |
| Explain how the electron transport chain is involved in chemiosmosis | In chemiosmosis, the energy released when a substance moves along a gradient is used to synthesize ATP. The process of ATP synthesis using proton flow is known as chemiosmosis. |
| Bacillus | Key characteristics: endospore producing rods, Bacillus anthracis- anthrax |
| Bordetella | Key characteristics: nonmotile, aerobic, g- rod, Bordetella pertussis |
| Chlamydia | Key characteristics: unique developmental cycle, elementary body is infective agent ex: Chlamydia trachomatis, causes blindness, nongonococcal urethritis, and lymphogranuloma venereum. |
| Clostridium | Key characteristics: rod-shaped obligate anaerobes, endospores usually distend the cell. C. tetani- tetnus, C. botulinum-botulinum, C. perfringens- gas gangrene, C. difficile- diarrhea |
| Escherichia | Key characteristics: most common and familiar organism, it’s presents indicates fecal contamination, E. coli |
| Haemophilus | inhabit mucous membranes H. influenza- causes meningitis, earaches, NOT influenza |
| Helicobacter | Key characteristics: microaerophiles, curved rods with multiple flagella. H. pylori- peptic ulers |
| Listeria | Key characteristics: ssurvives within phagocytic cells, capable of growth at refrigeration levels. L. monocytogenes- contaminated food, ESP dairy |
| Mycoplasma | Key characteristics: highly pleomorphic, lack cell wall, produce filaments that resemble cell walls |
| Proteus | Key characteristics: swarming, concentric rings. UTI |
| Rickettsia | intracellular, spotted fevers R. rickettsii- rocky mountain spotted fever |
| Streptomyces | soil smell, filamentous branching, makes most of our antibiotics |
| Vibrio | Key characteristics: slightly curved rods/ V. cholera- cholera, profuse, watery diarrhea |
| Yersinia | Y. pestis- plague, black death |
| Wolbachia | Key characteristics: most common infectious bacterial genus in the world, intracellular |
| How do Chladmydia and Rickettsia differ from one another in terms of transmission? | Chladmydia have elementary body, do not require insect vector, transmitted by interpersonal contact or airborne respiratory routes. Rickettsia are transmitted by insects. |
| What genera are commonly referred to as the “enterics”? | enterobacteriales |
| Identify key properties of the spirochetes. | Coiled morphology, metal spring. Move like a corkscrew, found in human oral cavity |
| Brown Algae | MACROSCOPIC. Algin, a thickener, used in rubber tires, lotion and food production, is extracted from cell walls, Laminaria japonica induces cervical dilation. |
| Red Algae | have delicately branched thalli and can live at greater ocean depths than other algae. The thalli of a few red algae from crustlike coatings on rocks and shells. Agar. Carrageenan, a thickening agent, comes from The red algae Irish moss. |
| Green Algae | cellulose cell walls, contain chlorophyll A and B and store starch, as plants do. Most green algae are microscopic, green-grass scum in ponds. |
| Diatoms | unicellular or filamentous. kingdom Stramenopila. Complex cells wall of pectin and a layer of silica, two parts of the cell wall fit like Petri dish. Diatoms store energy captured through photosynthesis in the form of oil. |
| Dinoflagellates | unicellular algae, plankton, cellulose in plasma membrane, some produce neurotoxins |
| Cyst | a protective capsule of some protozoa, provides protection during adverse environmental conditions |
| Larva | sexually immature stage of helminthes or arthropod. ( o Host: definitive host-organism that harbors the adult, sexually mature form of a parasite. Intermediate host-organism that harbors the larval or asexual stage of a helminthes or protozoan |
| dioecious | need two organisms to reproduce, each having either male or female parts |
| hermaphrodite | having both male and female reproductive capacities, asexual |
| monoecious | having both male and female reproductive capacities, asexual |
| How do Platyhelminthes differ from free-living helminthes | (1) may lack a digestive system, they absorb nutrients from the hosts food(2)have a reduced nervous system,(3) lack/reduced means of locomotion , (4) reproductive system is often complex, large number of eggs. |
| Entamoeba histolytica | only pathogenic amoeba found in human intestines, 10% human population is colonized, causes amoebic dysentery, transferred by cysts in feces. |
| Toxoplasmi gondii | Apicomplexa, intracellular parasite, life cycle includes cats, dangerous to pregnant women due to congenital infections |
| Trypanosoma spps | (gambiense, cruzi)- multiply by schizogony: Multiple fission in which the nucleus divides first, and then the cell divides into as many parts as there are nuclei |
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | causes sleeping sickness, transferred by tsetse fly |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | causes Chaga’s disease, transmitted by kissing bug |
| Taenia solium | humans are the only definitive host, larval stage is in pigs, humans become infected when the eta undercooked pork., common in Latin America. In America, the parasite is transmitted from human to human. |
| Enterobius vermicularis | pinworm, spend entire life in human host, adults in the large intestine, femanle pinworm migrates to anus and deposits egss on perianal skin. Tape is used to collect eggs, and examined under microscope |
| Echinococcus granulosus | humans are intermediate hosts, dogs are definitive hosts, live in intestines, make hydatid cyst in liver or lungs |
| What is so unusual about the Archaezoa | lack mitochondria, have mitosome(which appears to be a remnant of mitochondria. |
| What is so unusual about the Microspore | do not have microtubules, obligate intracellular parasites |
| eclipse period | a method by which a virus enters an animal host cell |
| Provirus | Viral DNA that is integrated into the host cells DNA |
| Prophage | phage DNA inserted into the host cells DNA |
| Prion | an infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acid |
| temperate virus | virus capable of lysogeny |
| Retrovirus | has reverse transcriptase |
| reverse transcriptase | RNA dependant DNA polymerase; an enzyme that synthesizes a complementary DNA from an RNA template |
| Virion | complete, fully developed viral particle |
| Viroid | infectious RNA |
| virulent virus | a Virus that is resistant |
| Pseudomonas | Key characteristics: motile G- rods, common in soil, grow unusual places, responsible for 1-10 nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa- infects urinary tract, wounds, burns, sepsis |
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