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Bio Unit 2

Gentics

QuestionAnswer
What two types of molecules make up a chromosome and which type holds the genetic information? DNA and Protein DNA carries the genetic material
What is binary fission? Copy chromosome Move copies Split into daughter cells Genetically identically to parent cells(Mitosis)
What is an allele and what process produces new alleles of a gene code for versions of a gene
Compare recombination of prokaryotic organisms with recombination of eukaryotic organisms. Recombination of prokaryotic organism does not really occur because the genetic material is copied and then split apart between the two daughter cells. Recombination eukaryotic organism is dependent on the DNA of both of the parents.
What processes are associated with mitosis Interphase: G1, S, G2 occurs Prophase:Chromosomes condense and mitoic spindle fibers occur Pro Metaphase: Spindle Fibers attach to sister chromotids Metaphase: spindle fibers align chromotids. Anaphase: sister chromatids pulled apart Telophase: new c
How does mitosis manage to divide one cell into two cells while maintaining the amount and arrangement of genes? • By copying the Chromosomes identically to the originals
7) Why do people researching cancer study mitosis? • Because cancerous cells are formed by mitotic cell division. When a cell becomes cancerous it is due a step gone wrong in mitosis.
8) Describe what happens in each stage of interphase and mitosis and explain how each of these steps help mitosis accomplishes its task. In interphase the DNA stands are copied and sister chromatids form. These steps are important because without copying the chromosomes then the new cell that was formed would not contain all the genetic material necessary
9) Explain sister chromatids. When are they produced and what happens to them? What do they allow the cell to do? How genetically similar are they (during mitosis; or during meiosis prior to crossing over)? Sister Chromatids are genetically identical chromosomes that may contain the same genes and alleles at the same loci.
10) Explain homologous chromosomes. When are they produced and what happens to them? What do they allow the cell to do? How similar are they? Two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Same Length , centromere position, and staining pattern
11) What is the purpose of meiosis in animals? Allows for a greater genetic diversity of animals, and to avoid doubling of genetic material
12) Explain non-disjunction during meiosis I or meiosis II. Is where in the anaphase stage of meiosis I or meiosis II fails to separate correctly or a piece of chromosome is broken off.
13) How does it influence the genetics of the cells? Can have cause disorders like trisomy, or spontaneous abortions
14) In what ways does meiosis I differ from meiosis II? Meiosis I the Sister chromatids are kept intact and pulled to each side of the cell
15) Compare the influences of mutation and recombination on genetic variation. Recombination produces at genetic diversity that is completely different than that of the parent cell. Mutation causes the genetic material to change and result in new genes and maybe eventually a new species
16) How did Mendel evaluate his theory of equal segregation? He used pea plants of both wrinkled and non-wrinkled seeds and cross pollinated them, and then cross pollinated the offspring. He found that there was a probably of around 3:1 concerning the genetic possibilities of the seeds.
17) How did Mendel evaluate his theory of independent assortment? One trait has no Influence on another trait ( color of seeds and shape of seeds are not dependent of each other)
18) What is the relationship between meiosis and Mendel’s theory of equal segregation? both an egg and sperm have chromosomes that were separated (segregated) but fertilization restores the paired conditions in the offspring
19) What is the relationship between meiosis and Mendel’s theory of independent assortment? in Meiosis genes are inherityed independently of one another so Hair color and how tall a person is have nothing to do with each other.
20) What happens if chromosomes do not segregate equally during meiosis? An Extra Chromosome is transferred to one cell and can cause genetic disorders such as Trisomy or spontaneous abortion.
21) How is it that the same set of parents can produce such genetically diverse offspring? Because of independent assortment and crossing over chromosomes during meiosis I
22) Why didn’t Mendel’s theories work when he applied them to Hawkweed? Hawkweed can self reproduce without stamen.
23) What roles are played by multiplicative and additive probability when Mendelian theory is used to start with known parental genotypes, and predict gamete genotypes, offspring genotypes, and offspring phenotypes? Multiplicative is used when calculating the probability of genes that are not of same genotype. ( probability of being O blood type with Rh-) Additive: when traits are on the same chromosomes but different alleles ( freckles and red hair) Addictive
24) How is probability theory used to produce a prediction of Mendel’s theory of independent assortment? The probability theory allows for the calculation of many different types of genotypes.
25) What did Walter Sutton discover? the chromosomes sorted independently during meiosis not individual genes.
26) Explain why some genes sort independently and others do not. Liked gens on same chromosomes sort together during meiosis genes on non homologous chromosomes sort independently during meiosis
27) What determines the sex of offspring in humans? XX or Xy chromosomes
28) Why are some recessive traits expressed much more frequently in males? because the only have on X chromosome from mother and the y Chromosome has no effect on the X chromosome.
29) Explain the three types of expression of heterozygous genotypes into phenotypes. Complete Dominance incomplete Dominance Co dominance ( both alleles are expressed)
30) Define and describe an example of polygenic inheritance of a quantitative trait.
31) Define and describe an example of pleiotropy. in which a single gene affects several characteristics.
Created by: hrfalco
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