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BEastBio-U4-Genetics
Unit 4: Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms |
| RNA | nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis |
| Codon | sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid |
| Zygote | cell that forms when a male gamete (sex cell) fertilizes a female gamete (sex cell) |
| Homozygous | characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids |
| Transcription | process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA |
| Double Helix | structure of DNA in which two strands wind around one another like a twisted laddder |
| mRNA | form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis |
| tRNA | form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| Genetics | study of the heredity patterns of organisms |
| Heterozygous | characteristic of having two different alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids |
| Amino Acid | molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
| Haploid | cell that has only one copy of each chromosome |
| Nucleotide | monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base |
| Translation | process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced |
| Meiosis | form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into non-identical haploid cells; important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction |
| Heredity | is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors) |
| Genotype | collection of all of an organism’s genetic information that codes for traits |
| Recessive | allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organisms genotype (ex: gg is recessive, GG is dominant, Gg is heterozygous) |
| Complementary | go together; are matched together. DNA and RNA bases are complementary: A & T and C & G in DNA, A & U and C & G in RNA. |
| Somatic Cell | cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes |
| Gene | specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| Phenotype | collection of all of an organism’s physical characteristics |
| Clone | genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism |
| Base | compound that accepts a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution. Also one of the components of a nucleotide, the monomer that makes-up DNA |
| Ribosome | organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins |
| Diploid | cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm |
| Allelle | any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome |
| Punnett Square | model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross or mating |
| Replication | process by which DNA is copied |
| Protein | polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids |
| Gamete | sex cell; an egg or a sperm |
| Dominant | allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism’s genotype (ex: gg is recessive, GG is dominant, Gg is heterozygous) |
| Monohybrid Cross | cross or mating between organisms that involves only one pair of contrasting traits |
| Pedigree | chart of the phenotypes and genotypes in a family that is used to determine whether an individual is a carrier of a recessive allele |
| Codominance | heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles (e.g. sickle cell anemia) |
| Sex Chromosomes | chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics |
| Carrier | organism whose genome contains a gene for a certain trait or disease that is not expressed in the organism’s phenotype |
| Polygenic Inheritance | trait that is produced by two or more genes (e.g. eye color, hair color, etc) |
| Sex-Linked Inheritance | the phenotypic expression of an allele related to the chromosomal sex of the individual (e.g. hemophilia, colorblindness, muscular dystrophy) |
| Autosomes | chromosomes that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism |
| Incomplete Dominance | heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g. rose color) |
| Transgenic Organism | organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species. |
| Karyotype | image of all of the chromosomes in a cell |
| Multiple Alleles | trait in which there are more than two alleles to choose from to make a gene (e.g. blood type) |
| Nondisjunction | failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis |
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