Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
golf course exam
golf course final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Staff | Assistant Superintendent Second assistant Foreman Mechanic Labor force Horticulturist Arborist |
| greens maintenance | 1 “ROUTINE” GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE REMEMBER- Work Around Golfers Chart times for project 40% of all shots are played on the green Golfer expectations of putting surface: • Firm, smooth, fast, and true • Greens soft enough to accept a sho |
| The Rider mower advantages | a) Less labor b) greens were cut faster c) less golfer interference |
| The Rider mower Disadvantages | a) > compaction b) Triplex ring c) Hydraulic leaks |
| avoid triplex ring by: | 1) Skip perimeter cut every other day 2) Mow (clean up laps) by hand mowers 3) Eliminate the use of Wiele rollers |
| c) Hydraulic Leaks | • mowers and reels operate using hydraulics • hydraulic hoses can burst • hot oil and petroleum based oils kill grass • damage to turf can last for at least a year • tends to be more serious on close cut turf |
| Repairing hydraulic oil damaged areas: | activated charcoal, kitty litter, and soap “watch snake oils” 1) apply a wetting agent and soak with water. 2) aerate 3) apply seed and topdressing 4) rake or sweep in 5) As a last resort I would strip area and re-sod ** Use vegetable based oils |
| The Walker or “hand mower” Advantages: | • No triplex ring • Less compaction • aesthetically pleasing • No hydraulics • Smoother truer putting surface |
| The Walker or “hand mower”Disadvantages: | Mower should be sharp • Check fluids-gas, oil etc. • Look over machine for leaks around hoses and fittings • Before cutting look over the green for stones, coins, spikes etc. •fix Ball marks |
| Bluegrass's | Kentucky Bluegrass - Poa pretensis •Rough Bluegrass - Poa trivialis •Canada bluegrass - Poa compressa •Annual Bluegrass - Poa annua |
| Turf grass Species Utilized or found on Cool Season Golf Courses | Bluegrass's • K.B., Rough, Canada, annual • Rye grasses • perennial, annual • Bentgrasses • velvet, creeping, colonial • Fescues • fine leaf • tall • Niche grasses |
| Kentucky blue grass pros | Color • Density • Gray leaf spot resistance • Exhibits some drought tolerance • Fall color retention •Early spring green-up |
| Kentucky bluegrass cons | • Very slow establishment rate • Height of cut (new varieties available) • Prone to leaf spot disease (check for resistant varieties) • Thatch production |
| Perennial Rye grass- | tees •fairways •lawn mixes •roughs •parks •roadsides •Southern overseeding programs |
| ntep | If the value is Equal or LARGER than the LSD value, then the observed difference is Significant and did not happen by chance. Therefore, the performance of the cultivars are different. |
| example of significant difference | Independence = 6.1 Kingpin = 4.7 LSD = 1 Difference: 6.1 – 4.7 = 1.4 Since 1.4 > LSD (1.0), The overall mean quality of Independence is significantly greater than Kingpin |
| decease triangle | 1 host 2 Pathogen 3 environment and time |
| Percent of plant composed of water? | 75-85% |
| weekly watering | 1"-2" weekly |
| functions of water in the plant | transports nutrients involved with photosynthesis, gas exchanges, cooling the plant |
| soil/plant factors effecting water availability | soil texture root depth infiltration rates percolation rates |
| transpiration | water loss from plant |
| transpiration function | gas exchange cools plant transportation |
| evaporation | water loss from soil |
| evaporation effected by | turf density water content soil type |
| 2 major factors of precipitation | duration intensity |
| Irrigation | needs a clean source good amount dependable and properly designed system |
| snap valves | hard to find at night labor intensive, over or under watering |
| Goals or best management practices | water conservation preserve and improve water quality |
| avoid fertilizer and pesticides aplication | avoid applying fertilizers and pesticides near hard surfaces and close to water ways |
| soluble nitrogen avoid... | avoid high rates of soluble nitrogen on a frequent basis or heavy rain fall |
| water conservation ways | water meters at entry of system isolate valves to isolate and repair leaks |
| low trajectory nozzles | reduce evaporation water lost from wind |
| low volume vs high volume less lose due to | evaporation wind or drift runoff |
| computerized systems allows for grater efficiency by | run times flow management optimizes programs cycle and soak options irrigation adjustments from 1 location |
| irrigation adjustments | water budgeting irrigation adjustments from 1 location |
| remote off site | shut down capabilities water adjustment capabilities |
| automatic shut down | rain events electrical storms |
| monitor water | evaporation rates temperature humidity wind |
| over watering can lead to | disease shortened roots compaction algae thin or weak turf general poor plant health |
| watering suggestions | water in early morning if possible Rough > Fairways > tees > Greens |
| watering compacted soil | best to do light and frequent applications |
| Determining watering needs (scheduling) | Species use of turf Micro environments and climate slope compaction Weather cultural practices light intensity PR of sprinklers-nozzle size soil moisture soil type |
| soil moisture levels | Probe daily Check indicator areas use of wetting agents for localized dry spots |
| watering close to daylight | reduces time of leaf wetness reduces over watering if something goes wrong |
| signs of wilting | foot steps loss turgidity blueish in color |
| 2 types of heat stress | Direct and indirect |
| indirect heat stress | general when soil and air temp. exceed 86F for extend time |
| indirect heat stress results | reduction of roots and shoot growth increased respiration and reduction of carbohydrates production |
| Direct heat stress | rapid increase in temp. over 104F-shor time most common is scalding |
| scalding | hot sunny days rapid heat of 104F standing water or saturated thatch rapid loss of O2 Death within hours |
| turf can be killed by... | excessively wet soils high day and night temp. mechanical damages mow under wet conditions |
| wet wilt | bridges direct and indirect heat stress transpiration loss is greater then plant uptake LIMITED ROOT system |
| conditions favoring wet wilt | water -absorbs heat from sun when soil is warmer then air water logged soils high temp. and humidity with extended precipitation |
| dry wilt | transpiration greater then water up take by roots weather-hot, dry, windy, and bright days |
| syringing for wilt | Both dry and wet wilt |
| syringing | light application of water to cool plant and slow transpiration rate no wetting of soils or water replenishing |
| Aerate | relieve compaction and increases water infiltration |
| raising mow height | increases root growth and increases water availability |
| wetting agents surfactants | chemicals that cause a physical change at the surface of liquids |
| surfactants include | wetting agents spreaders stickers emulsifiers detergents dispensers |
| in turf wetting agents | most non ionic(no change so it wont react with ions in soils all contain water soluble hyrophilic group attached to a oil soluble(lipophilic group) |
| what is a golf course maintenance facility? (AKA) | physical plant turf care facility |
| what is the function of golf course maintenance facility? | home base for employes office for staff storage for tools and equipment (keep out of rain) |
| maintenance facility include | pesticide, fertilizer storage and washing area |
| work at a maintenance facility include | equipment repairs mower sharpening wood working irrigation controls -controller/computer records- weather, pesticides, ledgers, gas, etc budgeting and personal management staff meeting |
| some features of a maintenance facility include | heated and cold storage employee facilities offices for staff locker room break room exhaust fans spray painting both hydrological lift outlets -electric and air both for tools |
| why Plant growth regulations - (PGR's) | reduce growth and when overseeing chemical edgings around areas(trees) some PGR's suppress poa seed head density drought stress color root development putting green speed improves heath of plant, shade and wear tolerance reduction in labo |
| what are PGR's | Type 1 and Type 2 growth regulators |
| PGR Type 1 | compounds foliar absorbed and inhibit cell division at the meristem excellent seed head control |
| PGR Type 2 | crown and root absorption inhibits or suppress both growth and development suppresses due to inhibition of gibberallic acid usually less photolytic no effect on hormation just elongation of seed stalk |
| new classifications of PGR's | Class a Class b Class c Class d Class e |
| PGR class A | late gibberrllic acids(GA) synthesis blockers - responsible for cell elongation |
| PGR class a uses | poa reduction color enhancement over seeding reduction in competitiveness of existing species increases shade tolerance |
| PGR class a makes germination and development of new seed is normal | late gibberellin synthesis inhibition class A are foliar absorbed |
| PGR class B | early GA synthesis blocker root absorbed |
| PGR class B use | Poa reduction |
| PGR class C | Mitotic inhibitors foliar not root absorbed |
| PGR class C use | poa seedhead suppression may need to add fungicide, nitrogen or iron |
| PGR class D | Herbicidal mode both foliar and/or root phytotoxic growth regulating reprocess at low rates-herbicides at high rate |
| PGR class E | Ethylene production enhancement Foliar |
| PGR class E use | poa seed head suspension |
| what can affect PGR's | Turf species or cultivars weather conditions soil moisture root absorbed PGR's May require Irrigation Application timing plant health |
| Pesticide licenses | A Pesticide license is required by law for all applicators to apply restricted Pesticides |
| Pesticide laws and regulations | Licensing records EPA # Labels MSDS Pesticide use forms must be submitted to the DEP at the end of each year posting pesticide storage facility Phone # for poison control |
| EPA Number | all Pesticide sold in state must have and EPA registration # |
| Records for all Pesticides applications | Kept for 5 years Applicators Name and license number Pesticide applied location amount applied Date Target pest and any comments |
| MSDS requires | all pesticides have a msds sheet that must be available to all employees |
| Posting | posting laws -golf courses and home owners - model for other stated -Registry |
| Pesticide safety equipment | gloves Disposable suit boots safety glasses respirator wash station -eye/shower close to mixing area spill kits MSDA and label station |
| Pest related turf problems | weeds, disease, Vertebate, insects, |
| Key to controlling Disease weeds and Insects | ID, life cycles, favoring conditions Preferred host Cultural and chemical methods of control chemicals used timing of application Safety measures taken |
| Managing for turf pests | Use IPM - know the hot spots Watch the weather Choose method of control when pest is identified |
| Disease control | Host Favoring conditions * moisture Field symptoms thresh hold levels control wanted? |
| Diseases and disease control | its inevitable that intensely managed turf will at some point become infected with disease |
| major cause of disease | Pathogenic fungi that invade -leaves -roots -stems very few bacteria and virus diseases in turf |
| key to good disease control is good cultural practices | Improved plant varieties ** Proper mowing proper fertilization cultural practices- aerating, verti-cuting clipping and dew removal IPM- Known hot spots knowledge the conditions favoring different diseases |
| Pathogens | Disease causing agent often produce visible structures that aid in ID |
| symptoms of disease | any of various response from plant disease -Leaf spots, yellowing, bronzing, death to leaves |
| signs of fungal structures | Mycelia growth red or black pustules on leaves fruiting structures sclerotia mushrooms Spoors fruiting structures ID |
| Turfgrass insects 3Zones | Foliar and stem -> visual observation Stem/thatch-> often avoid detection Thatch/soils -> until damage is evident |
| Insect Control | Scout and Monitor |
| Identify Symptoms | Known when to expect problems (life Cycles) ***** |
| Cultural insect Control method | Sanitation thatch reduction resistant varieties (endophytes) Healthy Turf = higher thresh holds |
| biological insect Control method | Predators, parasites, Pathogens |
| chemical insect Control method | Preventative, Curative |
| to Check uniformity of water placement | Place catchments 12-15ft beginning 2-3 ft from sprinklers |
| distribution uniformity (DU) | degree of uniformity throughout the area based on percent 100 = perfect uniformity |
| distribution uniformity calculation (DU)(%) | DU = average depth of lower quarter / average depth X 100% Driest 25% of an area / average volume throughout the test area = DU |
| Good VS BAD Distribution | Good= uniformity of 80 = 85% poor= Less the 65% |
| Preform Precipitation test | Catch cans test is 1 of several methods place several cans (100) between 2 Laterals (double row between 4 Sprinklers) run both stations for same time |
| fertilization | Replenishes nutrients for optimum growth |
| nutrients lost from | Leaching, clippings, Irrigation, rain fall, and volatilization |
| Nitrogen | needed in turf grass more then any other |
| essential Macronutrients | C H O P K N S Ca Fe Mr aka C hopkns CaFe |
| essential microNutrients | B Mo Cu Cl Mn Zn |
| Nutrients from air | C H O remaining comes from growing media |
| most turf fertilizers | N-P-K |
| before fertilizing know | what the species requires , air temp , soil moisture , Rain in forecast ? type of fert |
| when purchasing fertilizer | burn potential , release rates (water soluble or insoluble) analysis , safety of product , environmental concerns , ease of handling , spreadability |
| Nitrogen Fertilizers | 1. synthetic inorganic 2. synthetic organic 3. coated synthetic organics 4. natural organic |
| two forms of nitrogen | Nh4+ and NO3- <-(more common) |
| Nitrification | NH4+ -> No2 -> NO3- From ammonia to nitrites to Nitrates |
| Synthetic Inorganic | Readily soluble in water , available almost immediately , Can cause Growth flushes , Leach and volatilize , high burn potential , are usually cheaper |
| examples of Synthetic Inorganic | Ammonium nitrate , ammonium sulfate , potassium nitrate |
| synthetic organic | both water insoluble and soluble |
| Urea | Primary soluble form , rapid response , high burn potential , High nitrogen (46%) leached easily |
| synthetic organic water insoluble forms | 1. urea formaldehyde 2. IBDU |
| urea formaldehyde | 38% nitrogen , very slow release rate , low burn potential , Microbes need to be broken down , allows for high application rates , long lasting , reduces risk of leaching |
| IBDU | 31% NITROGEN SLOW RELEASE RATE 2-4 WEEKS FOR RESPONSE EXPENSIVE CAREFUL IF EXCESSIVE RAIN WALL |
| COATED SYNTHETIC ORGANIC FERTILIZERS | low burn potential , gradual release , easy to handle , minimal loss to leaching , mowers and traffic can can break down coating |
| Two types of coated synthetic organic fertilizers | 1. Sulfur coated urea 2. polymer coated urea |
| Sulfur coated urea | coated in wax brill , release rates depend on soil temp and water , 20-30% released in first 2 weeks |
| polymer coated urea | urea coated in plastic , nutrients released by diffusion and needs soil moisture , the warmer the faster |
| Ammonifcation | Nitrogen in organics present in amine group (-NH2) IT MUST BE CONVERTED TO NH$ BEFORE taken up by plant |
| Phosphorous fertilization | Phosphorous deficiency not as dramatic as Nitrogen |
| Phosphorous deficiency | prone to disease weed infestation and stress related problems shown on old leaves Pot |
| Phosphorous needed for | establishment, seed and flower development |
| Phosphorous (P) | Not mobile, affected by Ph involved with metabolic processes component of many plant proteins |
| 2 common Phosphorous sources | 1. superphosphate 20-28% P Diammonumum Phosphate 20-50-0 |
| Potassium (K) | Need to second Nitrogen increases wear tolerance, drought, heat, cold and disease tolerance |
| Silicon | second most abundant mineral element in soil after O2 foliar spray potassium silicates reduces injury to wear improves turf growth, drought, quality, color, density and heat tolerance |
| determining fertilization | Species, length of growing season, quality desired, purpose of turf, soil texture, time of application, |
| determining rate of fertilization | source and Percent of N-P-K , weight, Percent water soluble and insoluble N |
| Homogenous Fertilizer | each granular contains all nutrients |
| SGN | Size guide number |
| fertilizer indicators | color, amount of clippings removed, wear of turf, |
| Types of seeders | 1. Broadcast/rotary 2. drop spreader |
| determining throw | (initial weight - remaining weight)/(100 X with of throw)= per 1000 sq FT |
| Calibrating spreaders | on hard surface, cut rates in half and go in 2 |
| W.C.C practices fairways | late spring a 20-5-20 at 1.25lb per 1000 ft late September .75lb last mowing 1 lb |
| W.C.C practices tee | .5-.75lb per 1000 a month |
| W.C.C practices greens | 1.5lb per year apply .125 lbs every 10-14 days |
Created by:
Collette632
Popular Earth Science sets