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Bio unit 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 characteristics of kingdom plantae | 1) all autotrophs 2) all multicellular 3) all eukaryotes 4) all non-motile 5) cell walls composed of cellulose 6) most contain organs and organ systems |
| inputs and outputs of light reaction | IN: light energy; water; NADP+ and ADP OUT: oxygen; ATP; NADPH |
| Inputs and Outputs of calvin cycle | IN: CO2; ATP; NADPH OUT: CH2O (carbshydrates/G3P); ADP; NADP+ |
| glu+glu | maltose |
| glu+fru | sucrose |
| glu+glu | galactose |
| electrochemical gradient/proton motive force | the accumulation of H+ ions on one side of a membrane that creates ATP through ATP synthase that the ions are then forced through because they are moving to the are of low concentration outside the membrane |
| P680 and P700 are what types of chlorophyll molecules? | chlorophyll a |
| Quick summary of light reaction in photosynthesis | P680 elecrtons excite in PS II.P680 electrons are moved through small ETC. H20 replaces P680 (giving off O2) and H+ ions pumped in in ETC. These P680 electrons then replace the electrons lost by P700 in PS I. P700 electrons fill NADP+ |
| Phases of Calvin cycle | 1) carbon fixation 2) reduction (NADPH unloaded to form G3P) 3) Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) |
| Charophytes | ancestors of land plants; green algae |
| apical meristem | tissue that always grows, located at tips of plants |
| lignin | gives support to plant, found in abundance on xylem cell walls |
| sporophyte | diploid (2n) generations of plant |
| gametophyte | haploid (n) generation of plant |
| tracheophytes | vascular plants |
| embryophytes | seed bearing plants |
| bryophytes | mosses,non-vascular, dominant gametophyte stage, swimming sperm, no roots or lignin |
| phiziod | acts as "root" for bryopyhtes |
| male and female gametophytes in bryophytes | male= antheridia female= archEGonia |
| bryophyte sporangium | brown, dependent on plant for food |
| pterophytes | seedless vascular plants; ferns; sporophyte dominant stage; swimming sperm |
| diechis | male and female plants |
| monechis | one plant is both male and female; gametes produced at different times so that genetic variability continues |
| gymnosperms and angiosperms | vascular; reduced gametophyte (microscopic); have seeds; heterosporous |
| advantages of seeds | dispersal; protection; nutrition; dormancy |
| megaspore | female gametophyte; egg |
| microspore | male gametophyet; sperm |
| gymnosperms | "naked seed" (not protected by fruit); cone-bearing; most have needles; ex. ginkgo, cycads, and confers |
| advantage of needles | retains water and does not allow snow or ice to hurt trees |
| angiosperms | flowering; most successful of all plants; monocots/dicots |
| monocot | i cotyledon; veins usually parallel; vascular tissue scattered; fibrous roots; pollen grain with one opening; petals in multiples of threes |
| dicot | two cotyledons; netlike veins; vascular tissue arranged in ring; taproot; 3 opening in pollen grain; petals in multiples of 4 and 5 |
| radicle | root of germinating seed |
| hypocotyl | in monocots; forms hook formation when germinating to protect apical meristem tissue |
| coleoptile | dicots; protective tissue on top of germinating seedling to protect apical meristem tissue |
| female structure of flower | carpel (pistil); stigma,style, ovary, ovule |
| male structure of flower | stamen; anther, filament |
| Quick description of pollination | grain sticks to stigma; pollen tube formed; extends through style; mitosis occurs in pollen grain to from 2 sperm |
| quick description of double fertilization | one fertilizes egg to form zygote; other fuses with diploid cell, developing into food storing tissue (endosperm) |
| dermal tissue | outer protective covering; contains root hairs, trichomes, cuticle, or periderm (woody plants) |
| trichomes | on stems and leaves; one extended cell or multiple cells; protect from insects or hold water; can secrete stickiness |
| ground tissue | remaining plant tissue; locations of photosynthesis, hormone production, storage; parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma |
| parenchyma | most abundant, flexible, perform most metabolic functions, large central vacuole, cell division and differentiation |
| collenechyma | uneven thick primary cell walls, lack secondary cells walls; provide flexible supprt EX strings in celery |
| schlerenchyma | structural support; contain secondary cell walls with lignin; dead at maturity; fibers and schlereids |
| xylem | transports water and minerals; vessel elements(only woody angisperms) and tracheids (dead cells that are passage ways for water) |
| phloem | transports nutrients; sieve tube members and companion cells(carry out metabolic process for both cells; thru plasmodesmata) |
| lateral meristem | cylinders of cells that extend the length of the plant; increases the girth of the plant; secondary growth |
| root cap | protects apical meristem; cells constantly replaced by meristem |
| zone of cellular division | apical meristem |
| zone of cellular elongation | made up of cells increasing in length |
| zone of cellular maturation (differentiation) | differentiation of cells to make up three different tissue types |
| vascular cambium | in woody gymnosperms and angiosperms; inside, secondary xylem; outside , secondary phloem |
| what makes up the heart wood? | secondary xylem; large amounts of lignin; layering leads to growth rings |
| what makes up the bark? | secondary phloem that transports sugar |
| cork cambium | produces new cells to the outside; forms from parenchyma cells; important component of bark |
| what makes up the sapwood? | xylem that still tranports |
| pericycle | forms lateral roots |
| symplastic | cross membrane once; travels through plasmodesmata |
| apoplastic | does not cross mebrane immediately; moves through extracellular spaces; cross Casparian strip (waxy barrier around xylem) |
| transpirational pull | loss of water vapor in leaves that pulls water form roots; cohesiion and adhesion |
| root pressure | the accumulation of water and minerals in xylem at night; generates pressure; pushing sap upwards |
| xerophytes | plants adapted to arid environments; have thick cuticle; small spines for leaves EX CAM and C4 |
| what element is pumped into stomata so that they open? | potassium; water follows, filling up guard cells so that they bow, thus opening |
| macro nutrients | quanity required; C H O N P S K(guard cells) Ca(cell walls) Mg(chlorophyll) |
| sugar source | plant organ that produces sugar; leaves |
| sugar sink | organ that consumes or store sugar; growing roots, stems, fruit |
| translocation | process of sugar transport |
| Rhizobium bacteria | mutual relationship; nitrogen fixation; found in roots |
| Mycorrihizae fungi | increase plant root surface area; mutual; thought to have allowed plants to move to land |
| mistletoe | parasite |
| epiphytes | live on plants, no stems; commensalism, EX. orchids |
| carnivorous | originated from poor soil, use insects for minerals; EX. venus flytrap, pitcher plants |
| phototropism | response to light due to auxin produced in tip of plant |
| gravitropism | response to gravity |
| thigmatropism | response to touch |
| signal transduction pathway | 1) reception 2) transduction relay 3) response |
| phytochrome | light receptor molecule |
| auxin | in seed embryo, meristems of apical bud and young leaves; stimulates elongation of cells; stem elongation, root growth, differentiation, fruit development, apical dominace, tropisms |
| cytokinins | promotes cell division, in roots, root growth, germination, slows down aging |
| expansin | allows cell wall to be stretched |
| gibberellins | growth regulator; stimulates cell division and elongation in stems and leaves |
| abscisic acid | inhibitor of growth; maintains seed dormancy; causes stomata to close during dry conditions |
| ethylene | stimulates fruit ripening; breaks down cell walls (softens); triggers breakdown of starch into glucose; separates leaf from stem (autumn leaf drop) |
| short-day plant | light period shorter than a critical length to flower; flower in late summer, fall and winter. EX. poinsettias, chrysanthemums |
| long day plant | light period longer than critical period to flower; flower in late spring, early summer. ex. spinach, iris, radish, lettuce |
| day neutral plant | unaffected by photoperiod. EX, tomatoes, rice, dandelions |
| phytochromes | absorb red light, therefore blue |
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