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Bio100 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kingdoms are Eukaryotic organisms? | Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protistan |
| Eukaryotic organisms divide by what process(es)? | Mitosis and Meiosis |
| Prokaryotic organisms divide by what process(es)? | Binary Fission |
| What is asexual reproduction? | Mitosis |
| What is sexual reproduction? | Meiosis |
| What is chromatin? | The unwound DNA inside the nucleus |
| What is a chromosome? | wound up DNA molecule with attached proteins |
| Chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for what? | Mitosis |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | Chromosomes that are alike in size, shape, and gene sequence |
| What is a sister chromatid? | Half of a Chromosome joined together by a centromere |
| What are the protein that DNA wraps around called? | Histones |
| What is a nucleosome? | Histone with DNA wrapped around it |
| What is the chromosome number? | Sum total of chromosomes in a cell |
| What is a karyotype? | Chart of chromosomes |
| What are somatic cells? | Body Cells |
| Are somatic cells diploid or haploid? | Diploid |
| What are gametes? | Sex Cells |
| Are gametes diploid or haploid? | Haploid |
| What does diploid mean? | 2 of each chromosome type |
| What does haploid mean? | 1 of each chromosome type |
| What are the functions of Mitosis? | Growth, Cell Replacement, Repair Tissue(which is not scar tissue), and Asexual Reproduction |
| What are the parts of the Cell Cycle? | Interphase, Nuclear Division, Cytoplasmic Division |
| What is interphase? | The stage of the cell cycle where the cell is not undergoing division |
| The cell spends most of its time in what phase? | Interphase |
| In interphase, the cell (increases/decreases) in mass, the number of organelles ______, and the DNA is _____. | Increases, Doubles, Duplicated |
| What are the stages of Interphase? | G1, S, and G2 |
| What is G1? | Growth |
| What is S? | Synthesis- DNA Replication |
| What is G2? | Growth, Preparation for Mitosis |
| What is nuclear division? | Mitosis |
| What is cytoplasmic division? | Cytokinesis |
| Mitosis is usually followed by what? | Cytokinesis |
| What are the phases of Mitosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What are spindle fibers made of and what do they do in Mitosis? | Cytoskeleton and the move chromosomes around |
| What are the results of Mitosis? | 2 daughter nuclei, each with same number of chromosomes as parent cell |
| When does Cytokinesis occur? | Between late Anaphase and the end of Telophase |
| What are the two mechanisms of cytokinesis? | Cell Plate Formation and Furrowing |
| What plays a role in Cell Plate Formation and fuse to make a new cell wall? | Vesicles |
| What is furrowing? | The cytoskeleton pulls cell membrane inward |
| How is the cell cycle controlled? | by checkpoints |
| What ensures that a previous phase is fully complete before advancing to the next phase? | Checkpoints |
| What are the 3 checkpoints that control the cell cycle in Eukaryotes? | G 1, G 2, and M |
| What is the G 1 checkpoint? | Decides whether the cell should enter S phase |
| What is a cell said to be in when it doesn’t make it pack the G 1 checkpoint? | G 0(zero) |
| What is the G 2 checkpoint? | Leads to Mitosis |
| What is the M checkpoint? | It triggers the exit process of M phase and entry into the G 1 phase. |
| When does the M checkpoint occur? | during Metaphase |
| What is Meiosis? | Cellular division that reduces the number of chromosomes |
| Sexual Reproduction involves what? | Gamete Production and Fertilization |
| What are sex cells in plants? | Flowers |
| What are sex cells in animals? | Testis or Ovaries |
| What is the joining of a sperm and egg or pollen grain? | Fertilization |
| Meiosis produces genetic variation among what? | Offspring |
| How many divisions does Meiosis involve? | 2 |
| You receive one ____ ____ from each parent. | Homologous Chromosome |
| Meiosis consists of __ divisions: Meiosis 1 and 2, DNA (is/is not) duplicated between division, and __ haploid nuclei are formed. | 2, IS NOT, 4 |
| Is there a replication of DNA between Meiosis 1 and 2? | No |
| What is prophase 1? | Same as Prophase: Chromosomes become visible, Nuclear Membrane Disappears |
| What is synapsis? | The attracting and pairing of homologous chromosomes |
| When does synapsis occur? | During Prophase 1 |
| What is a tetrad? | Four chromatids closely aligned |
| What is non-sister chromatids exchanging segments? | Crossing Over |
| What is the result of crossing over? | Four Chromosomes that are genetically unique |
| What happens in Metaphase 1? | Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell |
| What happens is Anaphase 1? | Homologous Chromosomes segregate from each other, sister chromatids remain attached |
| What happens in Telophase 1? | Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, nuclear membrane reforms, Cytokinesis occurs |
| What is the result of Telophase 1? | 2 daughter cells |
| What is the result of Telophase 2? | 4 genetically unique, haploid daughter cells |
| What is spermatogenesis, where does it occur? | The formation of sperm. It occurs in the seminiferous tubules of testis |
| When does spermatogenesis start and end? | Puberty and Death |
| How many sperm are formed from one round of meiosis? | 4 |
| What is oogenesis and when does it occur? | The formation of eggs. It starts before birth, stops until puberty, then resumes until menopause |
| Meiosis 1 is completed during what? | Ovulation |
| Meiosis 2 is completed during what? | Fertilization |
| How many eggs are formed from one round of meiosis and what else is formed? | 1 egg and 3 polar bodies |
| What is fertilization? | Male and Female gametes join and nuclei fuse |
| What is a fertilized egg? | Zygote with diploid Nucleus |
| The fact that the uniting of gametes is ____ adds to the variation among offspring. | Random |
| Why are eggs so much bigger than sperm? | Surface Area gives sperm a higher chance of penetrating the egg and the egg contains organelles and sperm does not |
| Who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What was Mendel’s greatest contribution? | Inherited characteristics carried as distinct units |
| In tracking generations, P refers to what? | The Parental Generation or Pure Bred |
| In tracking generations, F1 refers to what? | The First Generation Offspring (First Filial Generation) |
| In tracking generations, F2 refers to what? | The Second Generation Offspring (Second Filial Generation) |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | Like in size, shape, and gene sequence |
| What is a location of a particular gene on a chromosome? | Gene Locus |
| What is a different form of a gene? | An Allele |
| What is having identical alleles at a locus? | Homozygous(AA)(aa) |
| What is having different alleles at a locus? | Heterozygous(Aa) |
| What is expressed in both heterozygotes and homozygotes? | Dominant Allele |
| What is masked by the dominant allele? | The Recessive Allele |
| What is phenotype? | An individual’s observable trait |
| What is genotype? | The particular genes a person carries |
| Can you determine the phenotype by looking at the genotype? | Yes |
| Can you determine the genotype by looking at the phenotype? | No |
| What is the genotype of someone who has the homozygous recessive phenotype? | aa |
| What is a polygenic trait? | Complex traits with many different possibilities like stature and hair color |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | Crosses involving one trait on a homologous chromosome |
| What is Mendel’s Theory of Segregation? | Alleles separate during Meiosis and you get one allele from each parent |
| What is crossing an unknown with a homozygous recessive individual? | A Test Cross |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | Cross involving 2 traits |
| In a dihybrid cross, The P generation crosses two ____ ____ organisms, F1 generation will be all __________, and F2 results in phenotype ratio _:_:_:_. | true breeding, heterozygous, 9:3:3:1 |
| What is independent assortment? | Inheritance of gene pairs assort into gametes independently of other gene pairs located on NON-homologous chromosomes(steak, potatoes, ice cream) |
| What is complete dominance? | You either have it or you do not. |
| What is incomplete dominance? | Heterozygote phenotype is somewhere between that of the two homozygotes(sickle cell anemia) |
| Within a population, there may be 3 or more possible alleles that can affect a trait. How many can we inherit?Why? | 2. One from mother, one from father |
| What is co-dominance? | both genes in the heterozygote expressed equally(like A and B in the AB phenotype) |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | Many genes affecting it |
| Greater the number of genes and environmental factors that affect a trait, the more continuous the what? | variation |
| In polygenic inheritance, the trend is toward what? | A bell shaped curve |
| What is Albino? | The inability to produce melanin |
| What is pleiotropy? | Alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits(example sickle cell, single base change effects liver, blood, ect.) |
| What is cystic fibrosis and what is it an example of? | failure of cilia to flush mucus from lungs causing frequent infections. It also cause salty sweat, liver and pancreas problems, skin disorders, night blindness, and rickets so it it an example of pleiotropy. |
| What is epistasis? | The act of stopping, one gene affects expression of entirely different gene(black and yellow labs) |
| What is an example of environmental effects on phenotype? | Himalayan Rabbits-melanin production is higher in cooler areas of body |
| What are autosomes? | self-bodies, the first 22 pairs of chromosomes on a karyotype, identical in length and length, size, shape, and gene sequence |
| What are sex chromosomes? | not identical, but are homologous |
| What are x-linked traits? | carried on the X-chromosome and are inherited |
| What is hemophilia? | A blood clotting disorder |
| How many genes are on the Y-chromosome? | Fewer than 2 dozen |
| The Y-chromosome has the ___ gene which in the sex-determining region of Y. | SRY |
| Klinefelters and Turners are a result of what? | Non-Disjunction of Chromosomes |
| What are sex influenced traits? | Traits that appear in one sex but rarely in the other that are turned on and off by hormones(Male Pattern Baldness, Index Finger Length) |
| What is non-disjunction? | When chromosomes are separated incorrectly during anaphase |
| What is Meiosis 1 non-disjunction? | homologous chromosomes failing to separate |
| What is Meiosis 2 non-disjunction? | sister chromatids failing to separate(downs syndrome) |
| What shows genetic connections among individuals? | Pedigree Charts |
| Pedigree Charts can be used for what kind of traits? | Autosomal dominant/recessive traits, sex or X linked traits |
| What is autosomal dominant inheritance? | trait that typically appears in every generation |
| What is autosomal recessive inheritance? | if both parents are heterozygous, child will have a 25% chance of being affected |
| Which sex carries disorders more frequently? | Males |
| Son cannot inherit disorder from which parent and why? | Father because it is X-Linked Recessive Inheritance and you get X from mother |
| Why do chromosomes change? | Environmental Agents |
| What are the four types of chromosomal changes? | Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, and Deletion |
| What does duplication of part of a chromosome do? | Duplicates part of chromosome which Changes the expression of other genes |
| What does inversion of part of a chromosome do? | Sequence Change, Changes what the genes code for |
| What is moving genes from one chromosome to another? | Translocation |
| What does deletion of part of a chromosome do? | Pulls out some genes completely and can cause muscle problems |
| What is a nucleotide? | Phosphate, Pentose(5 Carbon) Sugar, Nitrogenous Base |
| In DNA, Adenine binds to what? | Thymine |
| In RNA, Adenine binds to what? | Uracil |
| Cytosine always goes with what? | Guanine |
| If you think of DNA as a ladder, the sides would be alternating ____ and ____ ___, and the rungs would be the _____ ____. | Sugar, Phosphate Groups, Nitrogenous Bases |
| The bases are always attached to the sugar or phosphate? | Sugar |
| Nitrogenous Bases are held together by what? | Weak Hydrogen Bonds |
| Store information to control metabolic activities and development, to replicate with accuracy, and transmit genetic information from one generation of cells to the next. | |
| Mutations are rare and can be what 3 things? | Lethal, Beneficial, or Neutral |
| What is a section of DNA that determines sequence of amino acids in protein? | Gene |
| What does hemoglobin do? | Transfers Oxygen in Blood |
| In DNA Replication, one DNA strand acts as a ______. | Template |
| What plays a big part in DNA Replication and does the actual unwinding of the DNA? | Helicase(Enzyme) |
| In base pairing, nucleotides come in and match with what? | Other nucleotides(A-T)(C-G) |
| In base pairing, the new strand is ______ to the old strand. | Complimentary |
| What occurs on the Lagging Strand of DNA when joining nucleotides? | DNA Ligase adds nucleotides in groups |
| What occurs on the Leading Strand of DNA when joining nucleotides? | DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides one at a time |
| How many amino acids are there and how many are essential? | 20 and 8 are essential |
| What is the difference between DNA and RNA? | RNA is single stranded and contains Uracil instead of Thymine |
| What are the three types of RNA? | Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and Ribosomal RNA |
| What does mRNA do? | Moves out of the Nucleus |
| What does tRNA do? | Transfers Amino Acids |
| What is Transcription? | The creation of RNA |
| Where and Why does Transcription occur? | The nucleus. Because DNA is too big to get the nuclear pores |
| What catalyzes the formation of RNA? | RNA Polymerase |
| In DNA, three bases is a(n) what? | Triplet |
| In mRNA, three bases is a(n) what? | Codon |
| In tRNA, three bases is a(n) what? | Anticodon |
| What is translation? | Formation of Proteins from RNA |
| Start and Stop _____ initiate and halt protein formation during ______. | Codons, Translation |
| DNA is ____ into mRNA and then _____ into proteins. | Transcribed, Translated |
| What is a substance, chemical, or event that cause a change in the gene sequence? | A Mutagen |
| Radiation is a _____ and damages ___. | mutagen, DNA |
| What are common gene mutations? | Base Pair Substitutions, Insertions and Deletions |
| What leads to a change in a population? | Mutation Rate(very rare) |
| What causes mutations? | Radiation, Chemicals |
| What is uncontrollable cell growth? | Cancer |
| What is genomic? | comparing DNA content of many different organisms |
| How many genes do humans have? | 25000-sames as cat, dog, and monkey |
| What is a genome? | Full compliment of genetic information of an organism |
| What percent of the human genome actually codes for proteins? | 1% |
| What is the structural DNA that is 20% of the human genome? | Histones |
| What is all of the DNA that stays inside a specific cell? | Introns |
| Natural Re-combinations occur in what type of cells? | Prokaryotic |
| What is the indirect exchange of genetic material? | Transformation |
| What is the direct exchange of genetic material? | Conjugation |
| What is the exchange of genetic material through a virus between bacterium? | Transduction |
| During what type of natural re-combination is a plasmid copied and transferred through a sex pili? | Conjugation |
| What kind of organisms have Linear DNA? | Eukaryotes and Viruses |
| What kind of organisms have Circular DNA? | Bacteria, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Plasmids |
| What is a plasmid? | An extra set of DNA in bacteria that replicate independently of bacterial chromosomes |
| What is a clone? | Genetically Identical |
| What is a transgenic organism? | uses genes from many different organisms |
| What does recombinant DNA contain? | DNA from 2 or more different sources |
| What does recombinant DNA utilize? | A Vector |
| What is a vector? | Transmitter of DNA into host |
| When making recombinant DNA, DNA is cut with ___ ____, added from another source, and ___ ____ joins the strands. | Restriction Enzymes, DNA Ligase |
| Dogs all came from the same _____ but were selectively ____. | Stock, Bred |
| What are pharmaceuticals? | The synthesis of proteins(Drugs) |
| What does insulin do? | Regulates Blood Sugar |
| How did they used to get Insulin and how is it made now? | from other animals, now they take bacteria, a plasmid, and the gene for making insulin |
| What does interferon do? | Warns other cells of viruses |
| What is erythropoietin? What is anemia? What is their relation? | The protein to make red blood cells, Anemia is lack or red blood cells. Erythropoietin makes anemia go away |
| What does tissue plasminogen activator do? | Breaks down blood clots |
| What is gene therapy? | Transfer of genes to patient |
| Putting in genes for herbicide resistance decreases the amount of what? | Weeding |
| Nitrogen fixation decreases the amount of dependence on what? | Fertilizer |
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rileyenlow
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