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A.P. Biology Ch. 26
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of species. |
| Systematics | A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. |
| Taxonomy | The scientific discipline focused on naming and classifying organisms. |
| Binomial | The two-part, scientific name for a specific species. |
| Genus | The first part of the binomial that specifies the group to which the species belongs. |
| What is the order of the Linnaean system from largest to smallest? | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
| Taxon | The taxonomic unit of any level within the Linnaean system. |
| Phylogenetic Tree | A branching diagram that can illustrate the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. |
| PhyloCode | The approach that only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| Branch Point | The dichotomy that represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor. |
| Sister Taxa | A group of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and are each other's closest relatives. |
| Rooted | The condition in which the branch point within the tree represents the last common ancestor of all the taxa on the tree. |
| Polytomy | A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge that indicates that evolutionary relationships among the descendant taxa are unclear. |
| What are the two major points about phylogenetic trees? | The sequence of branching in the tree does not necessarily indicate the actual ages of the particular species, and it it not necessarily true that a taxon on a tree evolved from the taxon next to it. |
| Analogy | A similarity due to convergent evolution. |
| Homoplasy | An analogous structure that arose independently. |
| Molecular Systematics | The discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships. |
| Cladistics | The approach to systematics that uses common ancestry as the primary criterion for classifying organisms. |
| Clade | A group used in cladistics that includes the ancestral species and all of its descendants. |
| Monophyletic | When a taxon is equivalent to a clade because it consists of all the descendants and the ancestral species. |
| Paraphyletic | When a group consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants. |
| Polyphyletic | When a group consists of taxa with different ancestors. |
| Shared Ancestral Character | A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. |
| Shared Derived Character | An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade. |
| Outgroup | A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the ingroup. |
| Ingroup | The species that is being studied. |
| Maximum Parsimony | The principle that requires scientists to investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts. |
| Maximum Likelihood | The principle which states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. |
| Phylogenetic Bracketing | The approach that allows scientists to predict, through parsimony, that features shared between two groups of closely related organisms are present in their common ancestor and all its descendants, unless independent data indicate otherwise. |
| Gene Family | A group of related genes within an organism's genome. |
| Orthologous Gene | A homologous gene that is found in different species because of speciation. |
| Paralogous Gene | A gene found in more than one copy of the same genome due to gene duplication. |
| Molecular Clock | How to measure the absolute time of evolutionary change based on some genes and other regions of genomes appearing to evolve constantly, since the number of nucleotide substitutions in orthologous pairs is proportional to time since the species branched. |
| Neutral Theory | Too much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection. |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer | The process through which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids. |
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