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vinh do
bio test 3 chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cell cycle is divided into three parts: | 1. Cell growth and activity, including replication of DNA 2. Nuclear division (mitosis) 3. Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) |
| There are two types of nuclear division. | mitosis, meiosis |
| Mitosis | (growth process) divides the replicated DNA equally and precisely, generating daughter cells which are exact genetic copies of the parent cell |
| Meiosis | (process of sexual reproduction) – produces daughter nuclei with half of the number of chromosomes of the parental nucleus – the arrangements of the genes on chromosomes are different from those in the parent cell |
| The number of chromosome sets in a cell or species is called | ploidy |
| If there the cell has only one copy of each type of chromosome, then it is | haploid, or n |
| If there are three or more copies of each chromosome, then it is | polyploid |
| If the cell has two copies of each chromosomes, then it is | diploid, or 2n |
| The two chromosome pair in diploid cells are called Where do the pairs come from? | homologous chromosomes,One from mother, one from father |
| Before a cell divides, duplication of each chromosome produces two identical copies called | Sister chromatids. |
| The equal distribution of the chromosomes into each of the daughter nuclei is called | Chromosome segregation |
| The main events in a cell cycle are: | interphase mitosis cytokinesis |
| Interphase is divided into three parts: (Know what is happening in each part.) | G1 phase S phase G2 phase |
| G1 phase | the cell grows |
| S phase | DNA replicates |
| G2 phase | cell growth continues |
| If a cell is not dividing, then it goes into phase ? | G0 |
| After interphase, mitosis occurs. Mitosis is broken down into five parts. | prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase PPMAT |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense. The mitotic spindle begins to form between the two centrosomes |
| Prometaphase | nuclear envelope breaks down, kinetochore forms on each sister chromatid at centromere. Kinetochore spindle microtubules bind to the kinetochores. Nonkinetochore spindle microtubules overlap those from the opposite spindle pole |
| Metaphase | spindle microtubules line up the sister chromatids at the metaphase plate |
| An image of the metaphase chromosomes can be arranged into a | karyotype |
| Anaphase | the spindle separates sister chromatids and pulls them toward opposite spindle poles |
| Telophase | the spindle disassembles and chromosomes decondense. New nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole producing the two daughter nuclei |
| Cytokinesis produces what? | Two daughter cells |
| In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by forming a | furrow |
| In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by forming a | cell plate |
| When is mitotic cell cycle used? | Growth of muticellular eukaryotes from a fertilized egg to fully developed adults |
| Mitosis is used in ? | vegetative or asexual reproduction |
| The mitotic spindle is made up of | microtubules and motor proteins |
| In animal cells, where do the microtubules come from? | centrosome |
| In plant cells, where do the microtubules come from? | Entire nucleus |
| At metaphase, the spindle is divided into two groups | Kinetochore microtubules connect the chromosomes to the spindle poles Nonkinetochore microtubules overlap at the spindle midpoint without connection to chromosomes |
| What are the three major checkpoints? | the G_1/S checkpoint the G_2/M checkpoint the mitotic spindle checkpoint |
| If a cell cannot go through cell division due to damaged DNA, then the cell will go through ? , which is ? | Apoptosis, (programmed cell death) |
| What are examples of signal molecules that will trigger external control of cell division? | Contact inhibition |
| External control can also be regulated by ? , used to stabilize cell growth in fully developed organs and tissues. | peptide hormones and growth factors |
| Cancer occurs when ? | cells lose normal controls over division. |
| what is when cancer cells break loose from the original tumor, spread to other parts of the body, and grow new tumors. | metastasis |
| Prokaryotic cells divide and reproduce using | binary fission. |
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