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Geo 1 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| formations of minerals | when correct elements are present under high temps ansd pressures |
| formation of igneous rocks | cooling of molten rock |
| formation of metamorphic rocks | original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat and pressure causing profound physical and/or chemical change |
| formation of sedimentary rocks | weathering down of existing rocks and then lithification of teh sediments |
| criteria for identifying/classifying minerals | cleavage, streak color, hardness, luster, density, crystal form and habit, chemistry |
| criteria for identifying/classifying igneous rocks | texture, minerals |
| criteria for identifying/classifying metamorphic rocks | compostion, grain size, nature of foliation |
| criteria for identifying/classifying sedimentary rocks | grain size, roundness, |
| criteria for identifying/classifying types of volcanoes | shape, type of explosition, magma viscosity, location |
| criteria for identifying/classifying types of faults | |
| plate boundary relationships to types of igneous rocks | mafic found in ocean-ocean, felsic found on continents |
| plate boundary relationships to location and types of volcanoes | hot spots=shields, subjuction= explosive and cone |
| plate boundary relationships to types of metamorphic rocks | |
| plate boundary relationships to mountain building | mountains happen when continental plate subducts under oceanic plate. |
| effect of volatiles on melting of rocks | melt sooner because volatiles decrease the required melting temp |
| effect of volatiles on crystallization of minerals | cause crystals to form later because rocks stay molten to cooler temperatures |
| effect of volatiles on viscosity of lava | more viscous, flow slower |
| effect of volatiles on volcanic eruptions | cause eruptions to happen due to increased pressuer |
| how do we determine metamorphic facies | mineralogical composition of a rock, |
| how do we determine rate of cooling from magma to rock | pressure, amount of volatiles, temperature |
| how do we determine distance detrital grains have traveled | how angular, and the size |
| crystal structure of silicates | independent tetrahedra, single chains, double chains, sheets, frameworks |
| Bowen Reaction Series | Olivine->Pyrexene->Amphibole->Biotite Mica Ca-rich->Na-Rich Plagioclase Feldspar then all become muscovite Mica->Orthoclase Feldspar (potassium feldspar)->Quartz |
| sedimentary structures | |
| sedimentary depositional environments | oceans, fans, deep marine, |
| fault systems and regional stress | |
| predicting the age of rock from a fold | |
| mineral | homgenous, naturally occurring, solid inorganic substance witha defniable chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a lattice |
| crystal | single, continuous uninterrupted piece of material witha regular internal structure, bounded by flat surfaces that formed naturally as the crystal grew |
| glass | irrefularly ordered atoms |
| olivene | independent tetrahedra |
| mica | sheet silicates |
| quartz | framework silicate, siO2 |
| polymorph | same chemical composition, but two different arangements. ie diamond and graphite |
| silica tetrahedron | the bases of silicates, SiO4, come in single chaINS, DOUBLE CHAINS, sheets, framework silicates |
| x-ray diffraction | each mineral will defract beams from an x ray differently |
| igneous rock | rock formed from cooled molten rock |
| magma | molten rock under the surface |
| lava | molten rock above the surface |
| viscosity | how easily a liquid flows |
| decompression melting | as teh pressure decreases, the melting temperature increases |
| volatiles | gases added to molten rock that decrease the melting temp and decrease the viscosity (supercritical liquid water) |
| sill | of sheet intrusion referring to any geologic body that cuts discordantly across planar wall rock structures, such as bedding or foliation massive rock formations, like igneous/magmatic intrusions and salt diapirs. |
| dike | of sheet intrusion referring to any geologic body that cuts discordantly across planar wall rock structures, such as bedding or foliation massive rock formations, like igneous/magmatic intrusions and salt diapirs. |
| pluton | intrusive igneous rock (called a plutonic rock) that crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth |
| basalt | mafic extrusive |
| gabbro | mafic intrusive |
| rhyolite | felsic extrusive |
| granite | felsic intrusive |
| silicic (felsic) | silica rich |
| mafic | Fe and Mg rich |
| fractional crystallization | where different sets of minerals crystalliza as rock cools |
| partial melting | where parts of a rock melt due to their mineral content |
| volcanic ash | fragmented material thrown out of a volcano that lands on the earths surface in solid form, very tiny! |
| pyroclastic flow | "nuee ardente" glowing cloudignimbrite that can also melt existing ash deposites |
| lahar | water supplied by stream or tain causes mudslides of volcanic material |
| caldera | collapsed volcano |
| shield volcano | resembles shield on the ground, usually hot spots, effusive |
| cinder cone | steep sided cone of solidified lava, usually explosive, near two plate boundaries converging |
| stratovolcano | composite of cindercone and shield |
| pillow lava | underwater eruption, rapid cooling of lava that forms a blob |
| magma chamber | a chamber beneath the volcano filled with magma from the mantle |
| effusive volcano | lots of basaltic lava, little debris |
| explosive volcano | lots of pyroclastic debris, little lava due to violatiles confined. generally result in cindercone and blow out caldera |
| sedimentary rock | rock |
| physical weathering | rain, usually water |
| chemical weathering | reacting with acid rain, rust |
| lithification | cementing together |
| maturity | well sorted, rounded, |
| alluvial fan | fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain |
| delta | formed at the mouth of a river, where that river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river |
| clastic | composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing rock |
| breccia | rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix,, angular edges |
| conglomerate | rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented togethe, round edges |
| sandstone | clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains |
| siltstone | sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones |
| shale | fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite |
| mudstone | fine grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Grain size is up to 0.0625 mm (0.0025 in) with individual grains too small to be distinguished without a microscope |
| limestone | a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. |
| sorting | size arrangements of fragments poor=different sizes, well=same sizes |
| cross bedding | (near-) horizontal units that are internally composed of inclined layers, 'wave' shape |
| graded bedding | when particles are arranged from smallest to largest, or vice versa. often in turbidites |
| ripples | water flow over rocks |
| metamorphic grade | the Barrovian sequence (described by George Barrow in zones of progressive metamorphism in Scotland), metamorphic grades are also classified by mineral assemblage based on the appearance of key minerals in rocks of pelitic (shaly, aluminous) origin |
| metamorphic facies | groups of mineral compositions in metamorphic rocks, that are typical for a certain field in pressure-temperature space |
| protolith | original rock that is metamorphosed |
| marble | METAMORPHOSED LIMESTONE, composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite |
| quartzite | metamorphosed sandstone, hard metamorphic rock which was originally sandstone |
| hornfels | contact metamorphic rocks that have been baked and indurated by the heat of intrusive igneous masses and have been rendered massive, hard, splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and durable. |
| foliation | separation of felsic and mafic rocks into bands |
| slate | fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism |
| phyllite | type of foliated metamorphic rock primarily composed of quartz, sericite mica, and chlorite; the rock represents a gradation in the degree of metamorphism between slate and mica schist |
| schist | medium-grade,notable for micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals,often with quartz and feldspar |
| gneiss | medium- to coarse-foliated,largely recrystallized, no large amounts of micas, chlorite or other platy minerals. ~compositional banding (minerals are arranged into bands of more mafic minerals and more felsic minerals) |
| amphibolite | consisting mainly of hornblende amphibole, the use of the term being restricted, however, to metamorphic rocks |
| greenschist | metamorphic or altered mafic volcanic rock |
| blueschist | metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures, |
| granulite | medium to coarse–grained metamorphic rocks that have experienced high temperature metamorphism, composed mainly of feldspars sometimes associated with quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, |
| orogeny | forces and events leading to a severe structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the engagement of tectonic plates |
| elastic deformation | wherein the strain is reversible. |
| ductile deformation | wherein the strain is irreversible. |
| brittle deformation | irreversible strain wherein the material breaks. |
| joint | a fracture in rock where the displacement associated with the opening of the fracture is greater than the displacement due to lateral movement in the plane of the fracture (up, down or sideways) of one side relative to the other. |
| fault | planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement |
| fold | one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces that are bent or curved as a result of plastic deformation |
| anticline | a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core |
| syncline | is a fold, with younger layers closer to the center of the structure |
| plunging fold | a fold that is not parrallel with the ground |
| isostasy | state of gravitational equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density |
Created by:
aliciagreulich
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