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A.P. Biology Ch. 23
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Darwinian Evolution | The process of descent with modification |
| Conventional Evolution | A change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation |
| Scala Naturae | Aristotle's notion that all life-forms can be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity based on the certain "affinities" they share |
| What did Carl Linneaus contribute to the increased understanding of evolution? | He invented the taxonomic classification system in contrast to Aristotle's scala naturae. |
| Fossil | The remains or traces of organisms from the past, which are found in the sedimentary rocks. |
| Stratum | The superimposed layers of rock into which the new layers of sediment compress the fossils. |
| Paleontology | The study of fossils, which was largely developed by Georges Cuvier. |
| What did Georges Cuvier observe? | The older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils to current life forms, and from one layer to the next, new species appeared and others disappeared, so extinctions were common. |
| Catastrophism | Georges Cuvier's principle stating events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present, formed the barriers between strata, and occurred in local regions that were later repopulated. |
| What did James Hutton propose as a theory regarding evolution? | The Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms, which were still in operation. |
| Uniformitarianism | Charles Lyell's principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time, so the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate. |
| Use and Disuse | The first of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's principles stating that parts of the body, which are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. |
| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics | The second of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's principles stating that an organism could pass the modifications of use and disuse to its offspring. |
| How did early scientists believe that evolution occurred? | Either organisms had a drive to become more complex or organisms changed through acquired characteristics. |
| Adaptation | The development of characteristics that enhance an organism's survival and reproduction in certain environments. |
| Natural Selection | The process, proposed by Charles Darwin, in which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits. |
| Who was Alfred Russel Wallace? | A British naturalist working in the East Indies, who published a natural selection hypothesis similar to that of Charles Darwin, a year earlier. |
| How did Charles Darwin perceive the evolution of life? | As a tree with multiple branchings from a common trunk, representing the common ancestor, out to the tips of the youngest twigs, to show the diversity of the organisms living at present. |
| Artificial Selection | The process through which individuals possessing certain traits are selected and bred in order to modify species. |
| What were Charles Darwin's four observations of nature? | Members of a population often vary in their traits, traits are inherited, all species are capable of overproducing offspring, and many of the offspring will not survive due to lack of food or other resources in the environment. |
| What were Charles Darwin's two inferences based on his observations of nature? | Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive to reproduce more offspring, and the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations. |
| Who was Thomas Malthus? | The scientist who explained how the environment regulated population through the limiting of resources. |
| What are the fundamental ideas of natural selection? | It is the process through which individuals inherit traits that will allow them to survive and reproduce at a higher rate, increases the match between the individual and the environment, allows for adaptation to new environments resulting in new species. |
| What are the three important subtleties about natural selection? | Individuals do not evolve, but populations do; natural selection only impacts heritable traits; environmental factors vary. |
| What are the four types of data that can document the pattern of evolution and demonstrate the processes through which it occurs? | Direct observations of evolution, fossil records, homology, and biogeography. |
| What are the two points about natural selection that are illuminated by direct observations of evolution in scientific experiments? | Natural selection is a process of editing rather than creation, and it depends on time and place. |
| How does the fossil record explain natural selection? | It shows how past organisms differed from present-day organisms, that many species have become extinct, while others evolve, and can be used to test hypotheses about the evolution of certain traits within groups. |
| Homology | The similarity between organisms resulting from common ancestry. |
| Homologous Structure | A feature of an organism, which is shared with another organism and represents variation on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor. |
| Vestigial Structure | A remnant of a feature that served important functions in the organism's ancestor but is no longer useful. |
| Evolutionary Tree | A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms and explain current understandings of patterns of descent. |
| Convergent Evolution | The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. |
| Analogous | The resemblance of features between organisms that is based on convergent evolution. |
| Biogeography | The geographic distribution of species. |
| Continental Drift | The slow movement of the continents over time, which results in the geographic distribution of species. |
| Pangaea | The single, large continent from which all the continents arose. |
| Endemic | The condition of species that are only found in a single place on Earth. |
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