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Psychology- chapter6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adaptive Significance | The manner in which a particular behavior enhances an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its natural environment. |
| Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting | Classically conditioned nausea and vomiting that occur when cancer patients are exposed to stimuli associated with their treatment |
| Applied Behavior Analysis | A process in which operant conditioning is combined with scientific data collection to solve individual and societal problems |
| Aversion Theory | A form of therapy in which a conditioned stimulus that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response is paired with a noxious, unpleasant conditioned stimulus, in an attempt to condition a repulsion toward the conditioned stimulus |
| Aversive Punishment | A type of punishment in which an operant response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a noxious stimulus |
| Avoidance Conditioning | A form of learning in which an organism learns a response to avoid an undesirable consequence |
| Chaining | An operant conditioning procedure used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response |
| Classical Conditioning | Procedure in which a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response by virtue of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a similar response. |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the spacial layout of an area |
| Conditioned Response | A response to a conditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that comes to evoke a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Taste Aversion | A learned repulsion to a food that formerly was neutral or desired, by virtue of pairing the food with an aversive unconditioned stimulus |
| Continuous Reinforcement | A reinforcement schedule in which each response of a particular type is followed by reinforcement |
| Discrimination | The occurrence of a conditioned response to one stimulus but not to another stimulus |
| Discriminative Stimulus | An antecedent stimulus that signals the likelihood of certain consequences if a response is made |
| Escape Conditioning | A form of learning in which the organism learns to perform behavior to terminate an aversive stimulus |
| Exposure Therapies | Therapeutic techniques designed to extinguish anxiety responses by exposing clients to anxiety arousing stimuli or situations while preventing escape or avoidance |
| Extinction | Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, causing the conditioned stimulus to weaken and eventually stop occurring |
| Fixed Action Pattern | An unlearned response that is automatically triggered by a simple stimulus |
| Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which the first response of a particular type is reinforced after a constant time interval |
| Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a constant number of responses of a particular type |
| Habituation | A decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus |
| Higher-order Conditioning | A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after it is paired with another conditioned stimulus |
| Insight | The sudden perception of a useful relation or solution to a problem |
| Instinctive Drift | The tendency for instinctive behaviors to override a conditioning procedure, thus making it difficult to create or maintain a conditioned response |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not displayed until reinforcement is later introduced into the situation |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's concept that a response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely to occur, whereas a response followed by unsatisfying consequences will become less likely to occur |
| Learning | A relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or performance capabilities that occurs as a result of experience |
| Negative Reinforcement | A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of an aversive stimulus |
| Observational Learning | Learning through observing the behavior of a model |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment |
| Operant Discrimination | An operant response occurs when a particular antecedent stimulus is present but not when another antecedent stimulus is present |
| Operant Extinction | Occurs when the absence of reinforcement for a previously reinforced response causes that response to weaken and eventually stop |
| Operant Generalization | An operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus that is similar to the original antecedent stimulus |
| Partial Reinforcement | A reinforcement schedule in which only a portion of the responses of a particular type are followed by a reinforcer |
| Positive Reinforcement | A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus |
| Preparedness | The notion that animals have become biologically predisposed to learn some associations more readily than other associations |
| Primary Reinforcers | A positive reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, such as water or food |
| Punishment | A response is weakened by an outcome that follows it |
| Reinforcement | A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it |
| Response Cost | A type of punishment in which an operant response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus that was not the cause of the original response |
| Secondary Reinforcers | Stimulus that acquires reinforcing qualities by being associated with a primary reinforcer. |
| Self-efficacy | The conviction that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement begins with a behavior that the organism can already perform and then is made contingent on behaviors that increasingly approximate the final desired behavior |
| Skinners Box | An experimental chamber in which animals learn to perform operant responses, such as pressing a bar or pecking, so that the learning process can be studied |
| Social-cognitive Theory | A cognitive behavioral approach to personality developed by Bandura and Mischel that emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes, and self-regulation |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed following extinction |
| Stimulus Control | The occurrence of an operant behavior in response to a discriminative stimulus |
| Stimulus Generalization | A conditioned response occurs to stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus, based on the similarity of these stimuli to the conditioned stimulus |
| Token Economy | A procedure in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers |
| Two-factor Theory of Avoidance Learning | Maintains that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction |
| Unconditioned Response | A response that is elicited by a specific stimulus without prior learning |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a particular reflexive or innate response without prior learning |
| Variable interval (VI) Schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement follows the first response of a particular type that occurs after an average but variable time interval following the last reinforced response |
| Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is based on an average but variable number of responses of a particular type |
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Akile6
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