Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biomed Endocrine
Chapter 16 biomed: endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biomed Chapter 16 | Endocrine System |
| Neuroendocrine system | when the nervous system and the endocrine system work together to perform communication, integration, and control |
| Hormone | endocrine system secretes chemicals via bloodstream, whereas nervous does it between neurons |
| Target cells | the tissues/organs/cells that the hormones are going to |
| Hormones vs. neurotransmitters | hormomes are long lasting and can control almost every cell in the body, while the nervous system can only control muscles and glands that ethey enervate, and it is short-lived |
| Endocrine glands are | ductless glands, exocrine glands are have ducts |
| Neurosecretory tissue | modified neurons that secrete chemical messengers that diffuse into the blood stream rather than across a synapse, considered a hormone not a neurotransmitter |
| Tropic hormones | hormones that targe other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion |
| Sex hormone | target reproductive tissues |
| Anabolic hormones | stimulate anabolism in target cells |
| Steroid hormones | manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol, a lipid, characteristic chemical group at the core of each molecule, lipid-soluble so can pass through phospholipid membrane of target cells |
| Steroid hormone examples | cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
| Steroid hormones are able to… | pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of cells, attaches to the nucleus |
| Nonsteroid hormones | synthesized from amino acids rather than from cholesterol, some are proteins |
| Protein hormone examples | insulin, parathyroid hormone |
| Glycoprotein hormones | protein hormones that have a carbohydrate group |
| Peptide hormones | smaller than protein hormones |
| Amino acid derivative hormones | derived from a single amino acid molecule |
| Two subgroups of amino acid derivative hormones | amine hormones and ones produced in the thyroid gland that has Iodine in it |
| Amine hormones | synthesized by modifying a singlemolecule of tyrosine, epinephrine and norephinephrine, produced by neurosecretorycells and by neurons |
| Target | any cell with one or more receptors for a particular hormone is the target of that hormone |
| Synergism | hormones work together to enhance each other’s influence on a target cell |
| Permissiveness | when a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have aits full effect on a target cell; the first hormone ‘permits’ the full action of the second |
| Antagonism | one hormone produces the opposite effect of another rhormone, can be used to “fine tune” the activity of target cells with great accuracy |
| Endocrine system produces more hormones because | to make sure it hits the targets |
| Steroid hormones can’t | be soluble in blood plasma, so it atataches to soluble plasma proteins, |
| Steroid hormones receptor cells are found in | inside the cell rather than on the plasma membrane, passes intothe nucleus where ti binds to a mobile receptor molecule to form a hormone-receptor complex |
| Mobile receptor-hypothesis | steroids move freely in the nucleoplasm |
| Magnitude fo the target cell’s response is determined by | the amount of steroid hormone present |
| Second messenger hypothesis | nonsteroid hormones, the n onsteroid is the first messenger , delivering its chemical message to fixed receptors in the target cell’s membrane, the message is passed into the cell where a second messenger riggers the appropriate cellular changes |
| Fixed membrane receptor hypothesis | same a second messenger hypothesis |
| The second messenger is different from the steroid messenger | because the second messenger amplifies the signal, and operates much more quickly |
| Hormonal secretion are conteolled with a | negative efeedback loop |
| Hypothalamus controls the | pituitary |
| Prostaglandins | lipid molecules that produce a widespread integrative function in the body, rapidly metabolized, a tissue hormone within the same tissue, 16 different, A through I |
| Things that secrete prostolandins | kidneys, lungs, iris, brain, thymus, seminal vesicles |
| Things like prostaglandins | thromboxanes and leiukotrienes |
| Hypophysis | the pituitary gland |
| Infundibulum | the stalk of the pituitary that connects it to the hypothalamus |
| Two glands of pituitary | adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
| Adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary |
| Parts of the adenohypophysis | pars anterior and pars intermedia |
| Pars anterior | major portion of anterior pituitary |
| Cells in pituitary | chromophobes, acidophils, basophils |
| Number of secretions of anterior pituitary | 5 |
| Somatotrophs | secrete growth hormone, anterior pituitary |
| Corticotrophs | anterior pituitary, secrete adrenocorticotropic homone |
| Thyrotrophs | anterior pituitary, secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Lactotrophs | anterior pituitary, secrete prolactin |
| Gonadotrophs | secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, anterior pituitary |
| Somatotroping | growth hormone, stimulates bodily growth by stimulating the liver to produce growth factors, stimulates fat metabolism, hyperglycemic effect (causes blood glucose to rise) |
| Antagonist to growth hormone | Insulin which is hypoglycemic (lowers the blood sugar) while GH raises it |
| GH affects metabolism | promotes protein anabolism lipid mobilization dn catabolism, inhibits glucose metabolism,increases blood glucse levels |
| Prolactin | pruoduced by acidophils in pars anterior, lactogenic hormone, initiates lactation |
| Hypersecretion | too much PRL causes lactation in a nonnursing women |
| Hyposecretion | not enough PRl secretion does not allow milk production |
| Tropic hormones | stimulating effect on other endocrine glands |
| Principal tropic hormones production location | produced and secreted by the basophils of pars anterior |
| Principal tropic hormones | thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | promotes and maintains the growth and development of thyroid, causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex fo the adrenal grland, stimulate the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete some of its hormones |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | stimulates structures within orvaries to grow twards maturity, FSH stimulates the follicles, which hold egg cells, to synthesize and secrete estrogen as well as in men to maintain spermatogeneisis |
| LH | lutenizing hormone |
| Lutenizing hormone | stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum of the ovar which is the tissue left behind when an egg is released, secretes progesterone and estrogens, stimulates interstitial cells itn the testes to develop |
| Gonadotropins | FSHa dn LH, stimulate the growth and maintence fo the gonads |
| Releasing hormones | |
| Hypophyseal prtal system | arranglement of blood vessels in which blood exiting one tissue is immeidiately carried to sa second tissue, |
| General chemical secreted by hypothalamus | releasing hormones, travel in hypophyseal portal system |
| Thyroid is controlled by | hypothalamus |
| GRH | growth hormone releasing hormone |
| GIH | growth hormone-inhibiting hormone |
| CRH | corticotrophin-releasing hormone |
| TRH | thyrotropin-releasign hormone |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin-releasign hormone |
| PRH | prolactin-releasing hormone |
| PIH | prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
| What the body does understress | limbic system signals hypothalamus, with secretes it sreleasign hormones into the hypophyseal portal veins, wihc stimulate increased activing by the pituitary’s target structures |
| Hypothalamus links | nervous system to the endocrine system, integrates the two in times of stress |
| Neurohypophysis | storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) |
| Hypothalamus and brain allow for | psychosomatic (mind influencing body) and somatopsychic (body influencing mind) |
| Sysnthesis of neurohypophysis hormones | supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei nurons in the hypothalamus |
| Antidiuretic hormone | controls and prevents a large amout of urine forming, helps body conserve water |
| Osmoreceptors | detects changes in osmotic pressure and tells antidiuretic hormone to absorb more water |
| Oxytocin | stimulate contraction of uterin muscles and causes milk to be ejected during lactation |
| Lactation and childbirth are a | postitive feedback loop |
| Pineal gland | biological clock, regulates eating, sleeping, reproduction, melatonin procution which induces sleep |
| Seasonal affective disorder | severe depression in winter, linked to pineal gland |
| Thyroid gland made up of | two lateral lobes and a narrow connecting ithsmus, pyramidal lob eextending upward from ithsmus |
| Follicles | what makes up the thyroid and where hormones are synthesized |
| Thyroid colloid | thick fluid theat filles follicles, produced by cuboidal cells of follicle wall, contains protein-iodine compounds which are the precursors to thyoid hormones |
| Thyroglobulins | protein-iodine complexes in thyroid colloid that will become thyroid hormones |
| Thyroid hormone is made up of | tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), t4 has 4 iodine molecules |
| Thyroid is unique because | after synthesizing a preliminary form of its homones, it stores them befor secretion |
| Where T3 and T4 attach | to thyroxine binding globulin and albumin |
| The principal thyroid hormone | T3, much more potent, although 20 times more T4 is rleased, t3 binds more efficiently |
| Calcitonin | CT, produced by thyroid hormone, produced byparafallicular cells, c cells, influencenses processing of calcium by bone cells, decreases calcium by increasing osteo blasts and incibiting osteoclasts antagoinsit = parathyroid hormone |
| CT | calcitonin |
| Parathyroid glands | 4-5, posterior surface of lateral obes o fthyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone | PTH, antagonist to calcium levels, increase release fo calcium into the blood, breaks down bones by increasing osteoclast |
| Adrenal gland | atop the kidneys, made of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, medulla=neurosecretory tissue and cortex is endocrine tissue |
| Adenal cortex parts | made of zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticularis |
| Zona glomerulosa | secretes mineralocorticoids |
| Zona fasciculata | secrete glucocorticoids |
| Zona reticularis | secretes small amount of glucocorticoids an dgonatocorticoids, |
| All hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are | corticosteroids, which are steroids |
| Aldosterone | mineralocorticoid, maintenance of sodium homeostasis in blood, increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, influences potassium and pH levels I blood |
| Aldosterone is controlled by | rennin-angiontensin mechanism |
| Rennin-angiotensis mechanism steps | rennin secreted when blood pressure in kidneys low,causes angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin I,circulats to lungs,by enzymes goes to angiotensin II, circulates to adrenal cortex,stimulates aldosterone, increases water retention,causes rennin to stop |
| Cortisol | glucocorticoid, zona fasciculate, affect every cell in the body |
| Glococorticoids on amino acids | accelerate the breakdown of proteins where they are changed tro glucose in the liver, will result in tissue loss |
| Glucocorticoids on lipids | accelerate mobilization of lipid catabolism, shift to breaking down lipids first |
| Glucocorticoids in blood pressure | allow epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce vasoconstriction effect on blood vessels |
| Permissiveness | allowing another hormone to have full effect |
| Glucocorticoids and antiinflamation | works with epinephyrine to reduce inflammation |
| Stress and glucocorticoid | secreted when stressed because allows more glucose for muscles during fight of light response |
| Gonadocorticoid | sex hormones released from zona fasciculate and zona reticularis |
| Adrenal medulla | neurosecretory tissue, modified sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
| Two hormones secreted by adrenal medulla | epinephrine (adrenaline, 80% of secretions) and norepinephrine |
| Pancreatic islets | , surrounded by acini (secrete digestive enzymes), going by gap junctions so function as a single secretoyr unit |
| Alpha cells | in pancreas, secrete glucagon |
| Beta cells | in pancreas, secrete insulin |
| Delta cells | in pancreas, secrete somatostatin |
| Pancreatic polypeptice cells | secrete pancreatic polypeptide |
| Most numerous pancreatic islet cells | beta cells, ¾ of all |
| Names of pancreatic islets | alpha, beta, delta, pancreatic polypeptide cells |
| Glucagon | produced by alpha cells, increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion fo glycogen to glucose in liver |
| Insulin | produced by betacells, promote th movement fo glucose, amino acids,a dn fatty acids out of blood and into tissue, promotes metablolism |
| Somatostatin | produced by delta cells, regluateing other endocrine cells fo pancreatic islets, inhibits secretion of glucagon, pinsulin,a dn pancreatic polypeptide and GH |
| Pancreatic polypeptide | produced by PP cells, influences digestion nd distribution of food molecules |
| Gonads | primary sex organs |
| Testosterone | an androgen produced in tubules, responsible for sperm and male characteristics |
| Ovaries produce | estrogens and progesterone |
| Estrogen | estradiol and estrone, steroids, maintain female characteristics |
| Progesterone | secreted by corpus luteum, maintains uterus for pregnancy |
| Placenta | produces human chorionic gonadotropin |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin | signals mother to maintain uterine lining |
| Thymus | gland in mediastinum, begins to atrophy in puberty, produces thymosin and thymopoietin |
| The heart | produces atrial natriuretic hormone, secreted by atrium when stretched, promotes looss of sodium which reduces blood volume |
| Pancreas exocrine function | acinar cells |
Created by:
reidabook
Popular Biology sets