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NURS301
GI Alterations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract | gastroenteritis |
| major source of gastroenteritis | contaminated food and water |
| major organisms causing gastroenteritis | E. Coli, Compylobacter, C. dif, Salmonella, Shigella |
| incubation period for microorganisms | 6hrs to 3-4days |
| bacteria/virus cause this in the intestine | tissue damage and inflammation |
| antibiotics effect on intestine | depresses action of flora |
| endotoxins effect on intestine | greater water and e-lyte secretion |
| stool may be positive for these in gastroenteritis | leukocytes and the causitive organism |
| labs to monitor for gastro. | K and bicarb |
| pancreatic enzymes | trypsin, amylase, lipase |
| action of insulin | transports glucose to cells and storage |
| action of glucagon | inhibits storage of glucose |
| somatostatin | inhibits insulin |
| type of cell in pancreas that produces insulin | beta cells |
| increases amino acid transport | insulin |
| stimulates protein synthesis | insulin |
| stimulates ATP synthesis | insulin |
| fasting plasma glucose | hyperglycemia >126mg/dl; hypoglycemia <50mg/dl |
| GTT | administration of oral glucose load, blood sugar test after 1 and 2hours. >200mg/dl is abnormal |
| Urine Glucose | presence is abnormal except during pregnancy or renal threshold is lowered |
| Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) | percent hemoglobin that is glucose bound. nomal is 4-6% Indicates glucose control over last 2-4mos |
| Serum Amylase | rises with pancreatic pathology |
| hypercortisolemia | stimulation of gluconeogenesis(cause of hyperglycemia) |
| elevated thyroid, prolactin, or growth hormone | cause excess insulin release with eventual resistance |
| manifestations of acute pancreatitis | postprandial epigastric pain; sever nausea and vomiting |
| diagnosis of acute pancreatitis | elevated serum amylase,lipase. hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. increased WBC |
| how pancreatic CA metastisizes | via the portal vein or lymphatics |
| manifestations of pancreatic CA | vague; aversion to food, pain with advanced disease |
| diagnosis of pancreastic CA | laparotomy, ultrasound, CT scan |
| Tx of pancreatic CA | surgery |
| liver function with glucose | stores glycogen and stimulates gluconeogenesis |
| liver function with aminon acids | stores and produces |
| liver function with fatty acids | breakdown for ATP |
| liver function with cholesterol | breakdown of to synthesize bile salts |
| bilirubin transformation | byproduct of RBC breakdown |
| hormaone biotransformation | converts hormone to water soluble form |
| ammonia biotransformation | byproduct of protein breakdown, made into urea |
| blood storage | liver function |
| plasma protein synthesis | albumin-plasma oncotic pressure |
| hematologic liver function | clotting factor synthesis; 1,2 and 7 vitamin K synthesis |
| immunologic function of liver | phagolytic macrophages, Kupffer cells |
| liver stores these vitamins and minerals | B12, A, D, and iron |
| test of liver function | bilirubin, enzymes, plasma proteins, PT, ammonia |
| diagnostic tests of liver function | ultrasound, CT, MRI, liver biopsy |
| prodromal stage symptoms of hepatitis | malaise, fatigue, URI, myalgia, aversion to food |
| icteric stage of hepatitis | jaundice, hepatic tenderness and enlargement, splenomegaly, pruritis |
| drug to treat hepatitis | antivirals & interferons |
Created by:
rsg175
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