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Physiology Test #2
Chpt 5 Chpt 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hyposmotic | the osmolarity of the first solution is less than the osm of the second solution. |
| Counter-transporter | opposite direction |
| Non Gated Channels | selectively permeable, very selective on who enters |
| phagocytosis | to eat |
| Gated Channel | Channel with door. Gate than can be opened or closed. |
| Ligand Gated Channel | chemical required to open channel |
| Voltage Gated Channel | controlled by voltage |
| Active Transport | requires carrier proteins. Energy for movement is ATP. |
| Integral Proteins | Passes all the way through the cell membrane |
| Is a carrier protein required for simple diffusion? | No |
| Is a channel protein required for simple diffusion? | Yes |
| Fluid-Mosaic Model | Freely move from side to side |
| Is the lipid bilayer a barrier to fat soluble substances? | No |
| Is the lipid bilayer a barrier to water soluble substances? | Yes |
| Explain what is meant by lipid bilayer? | Two layers of lipids |
| What are the 2 bilayers needed? | Phospholipids, Cholesterol |
| Primary types of lipids | Phospholipids, cholesterol |
| The Lipid component is almost entirely | lipids and proteins |
| cell membranes are composed primarily of? | lipids and proteins |
| cell membranes are composed of what % of proteins and what % of lipids? | 55% protein, 4% lipids |
| What 2 general processes do small molecules use to pass through a cell membrane? | diffusion and active transport |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. (Always) |
| Selectively Permeable Membrane | very selective on who goes through membrane |
| Non-Permeable Membrane | will not go through membrane |
| Permeable | will go through membrane |
| What provides the energy on Active Transport? | ATP |
| We use what type of membranes? | Non Permeable |
| Do you determine the solution or the solvent first? | Solution |
| Will non-permeable particles pass through a membrane? | No |
| Hypotonic | Lower concentration of non permeable solute particles in solution than in the cell. |
| Osmolarity= | number of osmoles(particles) divided by number of liters of solvent. |
| Hyperosmotic | The osmolarity of the first solution is greater than the osmolarity of the second solution. |
| Saturation | occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added. |
| 2 types of Active Transport | Primary, Secondary Active Transport |
| What Provides the push for facilitated diffusion? | concentration gradient |
| Is a carrier protein required for simple diffusion? | No |
| NaCl ionizes into how many particles? | 2 |
| Does Glucose ionize? | No remains 1 |
| exocytosis | movement out of a cell |
| Active Transport | movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient. Movement to area of lesser con. to area of greater con. |
| Hypertonic | higher concentration of non-permeable solute particles in the solution than in the cell. |
| Concentration Gradient | the movement of a solute down its concentration. Provides energy for all forms of diffusion.(Energy to move molecules) |
| Hemolysis | Swelling and bursting of membranes. To much water entering cell. |
| Osmosis | Flow of water through selectively permeable membranes from an area of greater water (lesser solute) to an area of lesser water concentration (greater solute) |
| Peripheral Protein | Attached only to the surface of the cell membrane. |
| All gases use what kind of movement? | Direct Movement |
| Distilled Water has an osmotic pressure of? | Zero |
| Gigantism | excessive GH in children before the closure of the epiphyseal disc |
| Acromegaly | excessive GH in adults. Enlargement and thickening in the face, the hands, feet |
| Give another name for T-3? | Triiodothyronine |
| Give 2 alternative names for T-4 | Thyroxine, Tetraiodothyronine |
| Which is the active form T-3, or T-4? | T-3 |
| Which is the inactive form T-3 or T-4? | T-4 |
| Thyroid hormone is made in the follicles of what gland? | Thyroid |
| Thyroid hormone is stored in the colloid of the follicle as.. | thyroglobulin |
| Active Transport | movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient. Movement from lesser conc. to greater conc. |
| 3 types of endocytosis | Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
| Osmolarity of plasma is? | 0.3 Osm or 300 mOsm |
| List the 3 groups in which a hormone may be placed if classified by chemical structure | Amino acid Tyrosine, Steroids(hydrophobic), Polypeptides and glycoproteins(hydrophilic) |
| List the 3 locations for hormone receptors.. | Outer surface of the cell membrane, within cytoplasm of cell, within nucleus of cell. |
| What 3 conditions must be present for osmosis to occur? | Two compartments of water, selectively permeable membrane, concentration difference by non-permeable solute particles. |
| Side with the higher osmolarity will be the side with the higher what? | Osmotic Pressure |
| Co-transporter | same direction |
| Another name for co-transporter? | symport transporter |
| Types of peripheral proteins | Enzymes (some are integral, some are peripheral) |
| At the liver, GH stimulates the liver to produce? Which goes to the cells of the body and causes what growth and what growth? | somatomedians(insulin like growth factors), skeletal, and extraskeletal growth |
| Will lipid soluble substances pass through a c.m. in simple diffusion direct movement? | yes |
| Water soluble substances pass through a what? when used in simple diffusion involving what type of movement? ? | c.m. direct |
| The indirect effect of GH involves the release of GH which moves to the what by way of the bloodstream? | liver |
| Give an alternative name for Growth Hormone | somatotropin |
| Growth Hormone is produced by the | anterior pituitary gland |
| Does growth hormone have both anabolic and catabolic effects? | yes |
| List the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland. | antidiurectic hormone, oxytocin |
| List the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland. | Growth Hormone(somatotropin) Thyroid Stimulating H. (TSH or Thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic H. Luteneinizing H. Follicle Stimulating H. Prolactin |
| Another name for pituitary gland? | hypophysis |
| Pituitary Gland | one gland but divided structurally and functionally into 2 regions |
| Down Regulation | decrease in number of receptors, decrease in sensativity of receptors |
| Up Regulation | increase in number of receptors, increase in sensativity of receptors |
| Are the number and sensitivity of hormone receptors continually being regulated by a cell? | Yes |
| The hormone secretion rate by an endocrine gland is controlled by? | negative feedback |
| Hormones will only produce their biological effect when a hormone binds to its what? | receptor |
| Tonicity | describes what happens to the cell volume when the cell is placed in a solution |
| Factors effecting the rate of diffusion | Magnitude of concentration gradient Permeability of the c.m. Surface area |
| 3 step process of mole | Concentration of a given type of molecule, concentration of particles, osmolarity t are the particles non permeable? If yes its tonicity |
| Types of Integral Proteins | Channel proteins, Carrier proteins, Enzymes(some of them) |
| Things Isomotic to plasma | 5% Dextrose (5g glucose/100ml of water), 0.9NaCl/100ml of water |
| molarity= | number of moles(molecules) divided by number of liters of solvent |
| Mole= | 6.02*10^23 molecules |
| In terms of tonicity, we always describe the solution to the? | cell |
| Any cell that is shrinking due to water leaving the cell is? | crenation |
| For Osmosis to occur there must be a concentration difference of what? | Non-permeable solute particles |
| Does osmolarity describe the properties of a particle? | Yes |
| Isomotic | the osmolarity to the 2 solutions are the same |
| Is a transporter required for active transport? | Yes |
| Another name for counter-transport? | antiport transporter |
| concentration= | number of grams of solute divided by number of liters of solvent |
| Hormones will only produce their biological effect when a hormone bind to its? | receptor |
| Osmoles= | 6.02*10^23 Particles |
| Osmolarity*1000= | milliosmoles |
| Molarity * number of particles divided by molecule= | Osm |
| Isotonic | same solution |
| To kick molecule means? | Exo |
| Active Transport requires a? | carrier protein |
| Do all types of channels use simple diffusion? | Yes |
| Why is it that water, a polar molecule, can pass through a cell membrane? | It has a molecular weight below 100 therefore it can pass through cell membrane. |
| What is the driving force behind both types of diffusion? | concentration gradient |
| Facilitated Diffusion | requires carrier protein |
| Types of Diffusion | Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion |
| Simple Diffusion uses what kind of protein? | Channel Protein |
| Lower H2o concentration means? | Higher solute concentration |
| Higher H2o concentration means? | lower solute concentration |
| Most proteins in the cell membrane are? | glyco proteins(sugars attached to proteins) |
| Endocytosis | movement into a cell |
| Is the catabolic effect a direct or indirect effect? | direct effect |
| Is the anabolic effect a direct or indirect effect? | indirect effect |
| Catabolic means? | breaking down |
| Anabolic means? | building up |
| Does osmolarity describe the concentration of particles in a solution? | yes |
| Osmotic Pressure | amount of pressure that must be applied to prevent the flow of water during osmosis |
| Tonicity depends on what 2 factors? | solution and cell |
| The mechanisms that originate within the cell for controlling enzymes are termed.. | Intrinsic Control Mechanisms |
| Intrinsic means? | within the cell |
| List the two types of intrinsic control mechanisms... | Genetic Regulation, Enzyme Activity Regulation |
| Describe Genetic Regulation | Controls number of enzymes |
| Describe Enzyme Activity Regulation | controls activity of an existing enzyme |
| The mechanisms for controlling the enzymes of a cell that originate from the outside of the cell are termed? | Extrinsic Control Mechanisms of the cell |
| List the 2 types of extrinsic control mechanisms.. | Nervous System, Endocrine system |
| List the 2 groups of glands.. | Endocrine Glands, Exocrine Glands |
| Explain the Exocrine Glands... | produces product that enters tube that leads to free surface inside or outside the body. |
| Explain Endocrine Glands | Product that goes directly into the bloodstream |
| what system is composed of glands that are located in many different regions of the body? | Endocrine |
| The product that is released from an endocrine gland that goes directly into the bloodstream is termed a? | Hormone |
| Hormones produce their effect by binding to what? | Receptor |
| Describe the direct effect of growth hormone... | GH acts on adipose tissue and causes lipolysis (breaking down of lipids) |
| List the 2 regions of the Pituitary Gland... | Anterior and Posterior pituitary gland. |
| What is the Anterior Pituitary region made up of? | made up of glandular epithelial tissue |
| What is the Posterior Pituitary region made up of? | Made of nerve tissue |
| What is another name for Anterior Pituitary region? | adenohypophysis |
| What is another name for Posterior Pituitary region? | neurohypophysis |
| Where in the thyroid gland is T-3 and T-4 made? | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
| How and Where are T-3 and T-4 stored in the thyroid gland? | Thyroid Hormone makes into Follicle and then stored in the colloid of the follicle as thyroglobulin |
| Whats the name of the protein carrier for T-3 and T-4? | transporter or (thyroxine binding protein) |
| If it requires a transport you need a transporter because its? | hydrophobic |
| Is T-4 converted to T-3 in the target cell? How? | Yes, Through activation of genes |
| T-3 through activation of genes causes: | protein synthesis needed for growth, promotion development of the nervous system, and helps set the basal metabolic rate |
| Does Iodine Deficiency Goiter exhibit a goiter? | Yes |
| What is a goiter? | Greatly enlarged thyroid(neck region) |
| What is IDG caused by? | lack of dietary iodine |
| Does a lack of dietary iodine prevent the thyroid gland from making T-3 and T-4? | Yes |
| The lack of T-3 and T-4 results in a loss of the? | negative feedback loop |
| With IDG are the blood levels above normal or below normal for TSH,T-3,T-4? | below normal |
| Describe Cretinism (hypothyroidism) | decreased thyroid hormone production in children. |
| Clinical signs in Cretinism (hypothyroidism) | decreased growth, mental retardation, low body temperature, general lethargy (alertness and awareness) |
| Describe Myxedema | hypothyroidism in adults. |
| Clinical signs of Myxedema | weight gain,low body temperature, general lethargy |
| What is another name for Grave's Disease? | thyrotoxicosis |
| What is Grave's Disease? | an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones T-3 and T-4 |
| Is Grave's disease hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism? | Hyperthyroidism |
| What are the clinical signs of Grave's Disease? | increased BMR(alot of ATP), weightloss, goiter |
| Is Grave's Disease an autoimmune disease? | Yes |
| what is an autoimmune disease? | the body is producing antibodies against its thyroid |
| Explain the reason for the goiter, elevated blood levels of T-3 and T-4.. | The antibodies bind and activate the TSH receptors of the thyroid and leads to increased production of T-3 and T-4 and causes growth of Goiter |
| Explain the reason for the decreased blood levels of TSH | It is due to excess T3 and T4 |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | on superior surface of each kidney |
| How many adrenal glands do you have? | 2 |
| Name the 2 regions of the adrenal gland... | Medulla, Cortex |
| Does the medulla consist of a nerve tissue or glandular epithelial tissue? | nerve tissue |
| Does the cortex consist of nerve tissue or glandular epithelial tissue? | glandular epithelial tissue |
| Epinephrine (adrenalin) | supplements the fight or flight response |
| Name the hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine |
| What stimulates the medulla to release epinephrine? | Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight) |
| What does epinephrine use to get to the cells of the body? | bloodstream |
| What are the hormones produced by the cortex collectively called? | corticosteroids |
| Explain the term corticosteroids... | chemical structure of the group name |
| what are the 2 subgroups of corticosteroids? | aldosterone, cortisol |
| Does the medulla or the cortex produce cortisol? | cortex |
| What stimulates the cortex to release cortisol? | ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
| Which organ produces ACTH? | anterior pituitary |
| What is the function of cortisol? | its function is to resist both physical and psychological stressors |
| What are the effects of cortisol? | helps regulate metabolism, stimulates lipolysis, ketogenisis, gluconeogenisis, protein breakdown (muscle) |
| Does cortisol cause increase in blood pressure? | Yes |
| Does cortisol inhibit inflammatory response? | Yes |
| Does cortisol cause an increase or decrease in the immune system? | decrease |
| Epinephrine | fight or flight response |
| What are the effects of epinephrine? | increase in heart rate, increase in metabolic rate, dilation of coronary and skeletal muscle, blood vessels, dilation of bronchioles. |
| What processes does epinephrine stimulate? | lipolysis, glycogenolysis, ketogenisis, gluconeogenisis. |
| The processes that stimulate epinephrine all make what? | ATP |
| Aldosterone and Cortisol are both produced by the? | Adrenal Cortex |
| Describe Aldosterone | helps regulate sodium and potassium balance by way of the kidney. |
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