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Chapter 11 Tortora
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proteobacteria has 5 classes, name the 5. | Alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria |
| Class Alphaproteobacteria have what characteristics? | can grow with low levels of nutrients, nitrogen fixation |
| Pelagibacter | the most abundant microorganisms on earth |
| Rickettsia | Typhus, transmitted by insect bites |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | Epidemic typhus |
| Rickettsia typhi | endemic murine typhus |
| Rickettsia rickettsii | rocky mountain spotted fever |
| Ehrlichia | live within white blood cells, cause Ehrlichia |
| Caulobacter | Stalked bacteria found in lakes |
| Hyphomicrobium | Budding bacteria found in lakes |
| Agrobacterium | insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing tumors |
| Rhizobia | nitrogen fixing, includes rhizobium and bradyrhizobium |
| Bartonella henselae | causes cat scratch disease |
| Brucella | causes brucellosis, can survive phagocytosis |
| Thiobacillus | sulfur-oxidizing |
| Spirillum | fresh water, polar flagella, large; use to teach basic microscope operation |
| Sphaerotilus | Sheathed, polar flagella, fresh waterand sewage, form sheath to live in |
| Burkholderia cepacia | can grow in disinfectant solutions, causes problems for people with cystic fibrosis |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | moist soils, causes meliodosis |
| Bordetella pertusis | pertusis/ whooping cough |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | gonorrhoea |
| Neisseria meningitidis | meningococcal meningitis |
| Zoogloea | form fluffy, slimy masses that help sewage treatment |
| Gammaproteobacteria, | largest subgroup |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Francisella tularensis | tularemia |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadales, pseudomonas syringae | an occasional plant pathogen |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudmondales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | opportunistic, can cause UTI, sepsis, can infect burns and wounds |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, pseudomonads cause problems for us because: | troublesome: grow in unusual places, ie. soap residue, some antiseptics. eject antibiotics before antibiotics can work. Cause 1 in 10 nosocomial infections, esp. in burn units. aerobic, but can be anaerobic, can grow in refrigerator temps |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, Azotobacter | Nitrogen fixing |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, Azomonas | Nitrogen fixing |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, Moraxella | aerobic coccobacilli (between rod and round shaped) |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, Moraxella lacunata | conjunctivitis |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, Acinetobacter | aerobic, soil and water |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomondales, Acinetobacter baumanii | becomes antibiotic resistant quickly, respiratory pathogen, high mortality rate due to resistance and weakened health of hospital patients. |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Legionellales, Legionella | hard to irradicate in water systems, found in warm water lines of hospitals. |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Legionellales, Coxiella burnetii | causes Q-fever, transmitted by aerosols or contaminated milk, sporelike body helps it be resistant to heat treatment |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Vibrionales | facultatively anaerobic gram negative, many are slightly curved, found mostly in aquatic habitats |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Vibrionales, Vibrio cholerae | cholera. profuse and watery diarrhea |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Vibrionales, Vibrio parahaemolyticus | less serious gastroenteritis, coastal salt waters |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales | often called enterics, have fimbriae that help them adhere to surfaces or mucous membranes. Sex pili exchange genetic information between cells, most often includes antibiotic resistance. |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Escerichia coli | E. coli most common inhabitant of the human intestinal tract, the most familiar organism in microbiology. Can cause UTI, travelers diarrhea, sometimes very serious foodborne disease. |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Salmonella | can be divided into 2,400 serovars/serotypes |
| Kauffmann-White scheme | gives numbers and letters corresponding to antigens. K-capsule, O- cell wall, H- flagella |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Salmonella bongori | cold-blooded animals |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Shigella | can cause life-threatening dysentery |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Klebsiella | soil or water, many fix nitrogen. K pneumoniae causes pneumonia in humans |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Serratia marcescens | contaminates catheters, saline irrigations, and other supposedly sterile solutions |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Proteus | 'swarming' concentric rings, cause UTI and and wound infection |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Yersinia pestis | causes the plague/Black Death |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Erwinia | plant soft-rot diseases |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Enterobacter | E. cloacae and E. aerogenes cause UTI and nosocomial infections |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales | nonmotile, human and animal pathogens |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales, Pasteurella | causes sepsis and pneumonia in several animals |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales, Pasteurella multicida | transfered to humans by cat/dog bites, Komodo dragon |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales, Haemophilus | infects mucous membranes |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales, Haemophilus influenzea | best known Haemophilus.... does NOT cause influenza. common cause of meningitis, |
| Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales, Haemophilus ducreyi | causes chancroid, an STD |
| Deltaproteobacteria | prey on other bacteria |
| Deltaproteobacteria, Bdellovibrio | attaches to Gram- bacteria, reproduces in periplasm |
| Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibionales | sulfur-reducing |
| Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibionales, desulfovibrio | best studies sulfer-reducing genus, anaerobic, found in intestines |
| Deltaproteobacteria, Myxococcales, Myxococcus | glide, leave slime trail, form myxospores (stalked body, like slime molds) |
| Epsilonproteobacteria | Gram - rods, have flagella |
| Epsilonproteobacteria, Campylobacter | causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals |
| Epsilonproteobacteria, Helicobacter pylori | causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer |
| Firmicutes | Low G+C, Gram + |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, clostridium | anaerobes, endospores |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, clostridium tetani | tetanus |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, clostridium botulinum | botulism |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, clostridium perfingens | gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, clostridium difficle | serious diarrhea |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Epulopiscium fishelsoni | large, does not reproduce with binary fission, daughter cells or formed inside |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Bacillales, bacillus | endospores, |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Bacillales, bacillus anthracis | anthrax. nonmotile |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Bacillales, bacillus thuringiensis | Bt, plant spray |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Bacillales, bacillus cereus | food poisoning |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Bacillales Staphlococcus aureus | grow well in high osmotic pressure with low moisture- nasal secretions and skin. wound infections, antibiotic resistance. produces toxin resposible for Toxic Shock Syndrome. produces enterotoxin- cause nausea/vomiting. most common cause of food poisoning. |
| Firmicutes, Lactobacillales | lactic-acid producing bacteria. Lactic acid inhibits groth of other bacteria |
| Firmicutes, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillus | found in vagina, intestines, oral cavity. used to make sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk, and yogurt. |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Streptococcus, Beta-hemolytic stretococci | produce hemolysin that forms a clear zone of hemolysis on blood agar |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Streptococcus, Non-beta-hemolytic stretococci | colonies are surrounded by a distinctive greening. |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales, Enterococcus | leading cause of nosocomial infections. Enterococcus faecalis anf Enterococcus faecium are yo blame for many UTI and surgical wound infections. frequently enter bloodstream through invasive procedures |
| Firmicutes, Clostridales. Lactobacillales, Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes | can contaminate foods, esp. dairy. capable of groth in refrigerator temps |
| Firmicutes, Mycoplasmatales | lack cell wall, produce filamants that resemble fungi. |
| Firmicutes, Mycoplasmatales pneumoniae | mild pneumonia |
| Firmicutes, Mycoplasmatales spiroplasma | serious plant pathogen and common parasites of plant-feedinf insects |
| Firmicutes, Mycoplasmatales Ureaplasma | hydrolyze the urea and can cause UTI |
| Actinobacteria | High G+C gram +. High surface-to-volume ratio and can absorb nutrients in highly competitive soil environment |
| Actinobacteria, Mycobacterium | myco-fuguslike.lipopolysaccharide outter layer. M tuberculosis- causes TB, M. leprae-causes leprosy |
| Actinobacteria, Corynebacterium | coryne- club-shaped, pleomorphic. C diptheriae- causes diptheria |
| Actinobacteria, Propionibacterium | cannot form propionic acid, help make swiss cheese, primary bacterial cause of acne |
| Actinobacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis | causes vaginitis, Gram variable, highly pleomorhic |
| Actinobacteria, Frankia | nitrogen fixing in alder trees |
| Actinobacteria, Streptomyces | soil smell, produce most of our antibiotics, aerial filaments |
| Actinobacteria, Actinomyces | found in mouth and throat of animals, can form filaments that can fragment. A. israelii causes actinomycosis, a tissue-destroying disease usually affecting the head, neck, or lungs. |
| Actinobacteria, Nocardia | form rudimentary filaments which fragment into short rods. N asteroides cause chronic, difficult to treat pulmonary infections, also a caustive agent in mycetoma, a destructive infection of the feet or hands. |
| Plantomycetes | Gram -, budding bacteria, no peptidoglycan. Gemmata obscuriglobus has double internal membrane around it's DNA, resembling eukoryotic cells |
| Chlamydiae, Chlamydia trachomatis | trachoma (causes blindness), nongonococcal urethritis, lyphogranuloma venereum |
| Chlamydiae, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila psittaci | psittacosis (respiratory disease) |
| Chlamydiae, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila pneumoniae | mild form of pneumonia, esp in youg adults |
| Spirochaetes | axial filaments |
| Spirochaetes, Treponema pallidium | syphilis |
| Spirochaetes, Borrelia | relapsing fever, and Lyme disease, transmitted by ticks or lice |
| Spirochaetes, Leptospira | excreted in urine |
| Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides | live in human digestive tract, found in gingival crevice, peritonitis |
| Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga | degrade cellulose and chitin, glides |
| Fusobacteria, Fusobacterium | fuso-spindle, gingival crevice and my be resposible for some dental absesses. |
| Archea | extremophiles |
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