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Bio Ch40
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flower | Reproductive structure that produces gametes, attracts gametes from other individuals, nourishes embryos, and develops seeds and fruits. |
| Seed | Embryo and nutrients stored in a protective coat. |
| Fruits | Develop from flowers, seed producing organ. |
| Meiosis | Nuclear division that halves the chromosome number. |
| Fertilization | Fusion of haploid gametes that produces a diploid zygote. |
| Sperm contains DNA but no nutrients | Egg contributes both DNA and nutrients |
| Sporophyte | Individual in the diploid phase of the life cycle. |
| Gametophyte | Individual in the haploid phase of life cycle. |
| Spore | Cell that grows directly into an adult individual. |
| Structures and processes common to all land plants | Meiosis produces haploid spores in sporangia Spores divide by mitosis to form haploid gametophyte Gametophyte produce gametes by mitosis. Fertilization occurs when two gametes fuse to form diploid zygote. Zygote grows by mitosis to form sporop |
| Asexual reproduction | Does not involve fertilization and results in clones. |
| Rhizomes | underground horizontal stem from which shoot and root emerge. Individuals emerging from nodes that are separate from parent plant represent offspring. |
| Apomixis | When mature seed forms without fertilization occurring. |
| Flowering stimulated by... | internal and external cues (or both) |
| External cues | Length of day and night, arrival of seasonal rains, etc. |
| Internal cues | Favorable nutritional status, hormones |
| Photoperiodism | Response by an organism based on photoperiod. |
| Photoperiod | Relative lengths of day and night. |
| Long-day plants | Bloom in midsummer when days are long and nights are short. |
| Short-day plants | Bloom in spring, late summer, or fall when days are short. |
| Day neutral plants | Flowers without regard to photoperiod. |
| Only one leaf needs exposure to necessary conditions to flower | |
| Florigen | Flowering hormone named by biologists but yet to be discovered. |
| 4 basic organs considered modified leaves. | Sepals, petals, stamen, carpel (attached to receptacle) |
| Sepals | Leaflike; outermost part of flower; usually green and photosynthetic; arranged in circle or whorl; encloses bud as it develops and grows. |
| Calyx | Group of sepals. |
| Petals | Brightly colored to attract pollinators, may contain gland called nectary, arranged in a whorl |
| Corolla | Group of petals. |
| Stamen | Reproductive structure that produces male gametophytes, which in turn produce sperm. |
| Stamen consists of: | Stalk called filament, pollen producing organ called anthers. |
| Carpel | Produces female gametophytes, which produce eggs. |
| Carpel consists of | stigma, style, ovary |
| Perfect flowers | Contain stamen and carpels |
| Imperfect flowers | Either stamen or carpels |
| Monoecious plants | Have separate stamen and carpel flowers on the same individual. |
| Dioecious plants | Either stamen or carpel producing flowers but not both. |
| Each ovule contains megasporocyte in a structure called megasporangium. | Megasporocyte divides by meiosis to produce 4 haploid megaspores. Three degenerate. |
| Surviving megaspore divides to produce multicellular, haploid gametophyte known as embryo sac. | Haploid nuclei segregate to different positions in embryo sac and cell walls form around them. |
| Micropyle | Opening to the ovule |
| Pollination | Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. |
| Fertilization and pollination are two separate events. | |
| Outcrossing | When sperm and egg from different individuals combine. |
| Advantage of self fertilization | Ensures successful pollination but offspring are less diverse. |
| Preventing selfing | Temporal avoidance, spatial avoidance, molecular matching |
| Coevolution | Pattern of evolution in which two interacting species reciprocally influence each other's adaptations over time. |
| Mature seed | Embryo, food supply, seed coat |
| Embryogenesis | Process by which single celled zygote becomes multicellular embryo |
| Radicle | Embryonic root |
| Simple fruit | Contains single carpel, or several fused carpels. |
| Aggregate fruit | Develops from a single flower but contain many separate carpels. |
| Multiple fruits | Develop from many flowers have many carpels. |
| Pericarp | Flesh of most edible fruit and shells that surround nuts. |
| Seed dormancy | Embryo remains dormant even after the dispersal of the seed. Can be broken by coat being disrupted or scarified. |
| 3 phases of seed germination | Seed takes up water, consume oxygen, and synthesize proteins Water uptake stops, seed begins to manufacture new mRNA's and proteins needed to support growth. Mitochondria multiply. Water uptake resumes as growth begins. Allows embryo to emerge. |
Created by:
grijalvard
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