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BIO 201 Exam 2 Ch 9
Protozoa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are protozoa? | -unicellular, non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryotes |
| where do protozoa obtain their nutrition? | -by phagocytosis or absorption |
| what are some differences in protozoa? | -some are motile, possessing cilia, flagella, pseudopodia -some form cysts |
| what is Giardia Iamblia? | -highly contagious intestinal disorder causes giardiasis (acute diarrhea) -common worldwide (affects 1 in 5) |
| how is giardiasis contracted? | -ingesting cysts from contaminated water and food -multiply in small intestine attach to the mucosa |
| what are the symptoms of giardiasis? | -many people from endemic areas asymptomatic -mild to severe diarrhea with abdominal pain, nausea, and cramps for 1-3 weeks |
| how is giardiasis diagnosed? and treated? | -microscopic examination of cysts, cells in fecal sample -treated with antiprotozoal drugs |
| what is Trichomonas vaginalis? how is it transmitted? | -most common protozoan infection in humans -causes trichomoniasis -sexually transmitted |
| what are the symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis in females? | -~20% of females show no symptoms -others show (vaginitis) green-yellow discharge strong odor -irritation, itching in genital area -vulvar lesions are possible -rare abdominal pain -pregnant women may give birth to LBW babies |
| what is diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis? | -a "strawberry cervix" is diagnostic -results from the punctuate hemorrhages and papules |
| what are the symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis in males? | -males typically asymptomatic -occasional urethritis resulting in irritation during urination |
| how is Trichomonas treated? | partners are treated together |
| what is Leishmania donovani? how is it transmitted? | -obligate intracellular parasite causes leishmaniasis (or Kala-azar) -transmitted through sandfly bites |
| what are the symptoms of leishmaniasis? | -liver and spleen enlargement -fever, weight loss, anemia -lesions and ulcers |
| how is leishmaniasis diagnosed? | through tissue smears |
| what is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense? | -parasite causes African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) -common is West and Central Africa |
| how is t. brucei gambiense transmitted? what's unique about it? | -transmitted by "tsetse fly" -has two life cycles. one in the fly and one in mammals |
| how does infection of t. brucei gambiense start? | -starts with a chancre at bite site -invades bloodstream and lymphatic system |
| what are the symptoms of t. brucei gambiense in Stage 1? | -chancre at bite site -extensive swelling of lymph nodes on back of neck -joint pain |
| what happens in Stage 2 of t. brucei gambiense infection? | pathogen crosses blood-brain > encephalitis -meningitis with headaches/confusion -daytime sleep and nighttime insomnia |
| how is t. brucei gambiense diagnosed? treated? prevented? | -diagnosed by examination of blood, CSF -treated with pentamidine -rapamycin prevents growth |
| what is Entamoeba histolytica? how is it contracted? | -protozoa organism causes amoebic dysentery -contracted from cysts in contaminated water and food |
| how does the Entamoeba histolytica work? | -multiplies in intestine -may enter bloodstream, liver and lungs -phagocytosis of bacteria increases virulence |
| chronic infection of Entamoeba histolytica can result in what? | -appendicitis -pulmonary abscess -genital lesions |
| how is Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed? treated? | -microscopic examination of stool -treated with metronidazole (antiprotozoal drug) |
| What is Naegleria fowleri? what does it cause? | -protozoa that causes amoebic meningo-encephalitis |
| how does Naegleria fowleri infection occur? | -through olfactory epithelium > brain |
| how is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed? | -diagnosed by CSF microscopy |
| What is Toxoplasma gondii? contracted from? what is it associated with? | -intracellular organism -contracted from handling cats and litter infested with cysts -associated with farm animals |
| how is Toxoplasma gondii contracted? where do they multiply? | -cysts inhaled or ingested -multiply in neural tissue and muscle |
| what are the dangers of toxoplasma gondii and pregnant women? | pathogen crosses placenta infects fetus > miscarriages or hydrocephaly |
| Toxoplasma gondii and antibodies | -many women have antibodies from childhood exposure to Toxoplasma if they grew up with cats |
| Toxoplasma infections have been known to affect? | coastal wildlife like anchovies, seals and otters causing rapid die-offs |
| what is Plasmodium falciparum? | -most common protozoan infection worldwide -P. vivax and P. ovale are related organisms causing malaria |
| Plasmodium falciparum transmission and life cycle | -transmitted by female anopheline mosquitoes -parasite has two life cycles. one in the mosquito and one in humans and warm-blooded mammals |
| how does Plasmodium falciparum work? | -insect bite transfers 'sporozoites' --> bloodstream --> liver -multiplication in liver releases new form 'merozoite' --> RBCs for the RBC cycle -gametocytes released from RBCs --> mosquito -sexual life cycle occurs in insect |
| what are some symptoms of malaria? | -fever -chills -myalgia -weakness -anemia -convulsions -spleen enlargement -death (20% fatality) |
| how is malaria treated? | -currently no vaccines -treatment with mefloquine and artemisinin -many genetic disorders (sickle cell anemia) provide a level of immunity againt malaria |
| how is malaria kept under control? | -mosquitoes are kept under control with Bacillus thuringiensis spores, insecticide-spraying, and coated bed nets |
| what is the relationship of toxoplasma gondii and rats/mice? | a brain infection in rats/mice changes their behavior and they lose the fear of cats |
| what can happen if t. brucei gambiense is untreated? | -the infection spreads to other organs resulting in anemia -cardiac, endocrine, and kidney disease |
| what are the symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii? | -early stages asymptomatic -fever, encephaltitis, chills, headache, swollen lymph nodes, slower reaction times |
| where is Plasmodium falciparum found? | -found in tropical and subtropical areas at <1500m altitude -malaria is endemic in these regions |
| what are the dangers of leishmaniasis? | -severe emaciation leads to death |
| what are the symptoms of Entamoeba histolytica? | -symptoms can range from diarrhea to dysentery |
| what can Naegleria fowleri lead to? | -leading to coma and death in <10 days |
| how is Naegleria fowleri contracted? | -contracted from inhaling water spray (swimming pools, ponds, and ac units) |
| what are the symptoms of Naegleria fowleri? | -severe headache, fever, stiff neck, disorientation |
| how is Naegleria fowleri treated? | -treated with Amphotericin B and rifampin |
Created by:
rolandowallace
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