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BIO 201 Exam 2 Ch 7
The Fungi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are fungi? | large group of aerobic eukaryotes |
| what are some common names of fungi? where are they found? | -yeast, mushroom, mold, mildew, and rot -found in soil, water, leaf/fruit surfaces |
| how do fungi obtain their nutrition? | -saprophytes -live on dead organic matter -responsible for decomposition of wood and leaf litter |
| are all fungi pathogenic? what kind of spores do they produce? | -some pathogenic for plants and animals -produce brightly-colored spores |
| what are some commercial uses for fungi? | -food industry -industrial enzymes -pharmaceutical industry |
| what are the uses for fungi in the food industry? | -food (mushrooms) -vitamin supplements (yeast) -fermentations (wine, beer) -food processing (blue cheese) |
| what are the uses for fungi as industrial enzymes? | -proteinase (meat tenderizer) -pectinase (clarification of fruit juice) -cellulase (textile processing "stone washed") -amylase (digestive aid) |
| what are the uses for fungi in the pharmaceutical industry? | -antibiotics (penicillin/cephalosporin family) -drugs (statins = family of cholesterol-reducing drugs) |
| what are the two ways of morphology of fungi? | 1) filamentous form 2) single cells |
| describe the morphology of fungi in filamentous form? | -filamentous form called "mycelium" -individual filament called "hypha" -food runs out vertical "hyphae" w spore sacs produced (tall mushrooms) |
| describe the morphology of fungi as single cells? | -grow as cells called yeast -switch to psuedohyphal depending on environment |
| what is dimorphism? | fungi ability to switch between forms |
| Fungi - Agaricus sp. | -common cultivated mushroom in US -easy to grow (kit for home growers) -others: shiitake, morel, porcini, portobello -white is a mutant variety of portobello and crimini |
| Fungi - Amanita sp. | -produces "alpha-amanitin" -extremely poisonous -eating ONE can be fatal! |
| what does Claviceps purpurea infect? | infects rye and other cereals (especially when damp) |
| what is Candida albicans? | -dimorphic yeast -pathogenic to humans |
| what is Saccharomyces cerevisae? | -common brewer's and baker's yeast -sugar --> ethanol + CO2 -naturally present in grapes (winemaking) -CO2 produced causes dough to rise |
| what is Pneumocystis carinii? where is it found? | -fungi found in normal flora in throat -kept under control by immune system |
| what is Epidermophyton? | -slow growing dermatophyte causing skin and hair infections (not nails) -itchy, scaly skin in moist areas -responsible for athletes foot, ringworm |
| what does Aspergillus flavus infect? | infects peanut plants, other crops, foods in high humidity conditions |
| Fungi - Penicillium chrysogenum | -used for commercial production of penicillin -griseoflavin (antifungal drug used for athletes foot) |
| Fungi - Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium camemberti | -used in blue and soft cheese manufacture -P. roqueforti used for gorgonzola, stilton, roquefort, classical blue cheeses (veins in cheese are mycelium and spores) -p. camemberti used for brie and camembert - high fat soft cheeses |
| what is Histoplasma capsulatum? what form is it in the body? | -dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis -yeast form in the body's tissues |
| how is histoplasmosis contracted? | breathing in "powdered droppings" from birds and bats |
| what are the symptoms of histoplasmosis? | -similar to TB -flu-like symptoms, fever, chest pain, dry cough -can be fatal if not treated with antifungal drugs -invasive = skin lesions |
| what is mycoses? | name for fungal disease |
| What are the 4 types of fungal disease? | 1) superficial 2) cutaneous 3) subcutaneous 4) systemic |
| describe the superficial type of fungal disease? | -infection of superficial layers of the skin -typically asymptomatic -dark discoloration of the skin (palms) -example: tinia nigra |
| describe the cutaneous type of fungal disease? | -skin, hair, or nails are infected -referred to as dermatomycosis -example: athletes foot, ringworm |
| describe the subcutaneous type of fungal disease? | -inner layers of skin are infected -from trauma in contact with soil or plants -example: sporothrix schenckii |
| describe the systemic type of fungal disease? | -infection where internal organs are affected -example: meningitis |
| what is Ustilago maydis? | -plant pathogen - corn smut fungus -aztec: huitlacoche -mushroom-like flavor |
| what is Amanita phalloides? | -death cap fungus -extremely poisonous -resembles many edible mushrooms |
| Fwhat is Amanita muscaria? | -Fly agaric -Mildly hallucinogenic -makes red complexion (in war) |
| what does Claviceps purpurea produce? | -ergotamine hallucinogen (related to LSD) -eating bread from contaminated flour = ergotamine-induced trances -witches in salem? |
| what is Claviceps purpurea prescribed for? | -prescribed for migraines and post-natal bleeding |
| what does Candida albicans cause? | -causes vaginal yeast infections (candidiasis) and oral thrush |
| what are the dangers of Candida albicans? | -enter bloodstream -cause system infections (meningitis and carditis) -often in AIDS patients (weak immune system) |
| what are the dangers of Saccharomyces cerevisae? | -most strains harmless -some dimorphic -can be pathogenic |
| what is Pneumocystis carinii associated with? | associated w pneumonia in AIDS patients (major killer) and those on immunosuppressive drugs |
| what are the symptoms of Pneomocystis carinii? | -dry cough, breathing difficulty, chest pain, fever, weight loss > edema in lung > asphyxia |
| what does Aspergillus flavus produce? | -produces AFLATOXIN -causes liver damage and cancer -invasive = lung infection |
| how is histoplasmosis diagnosed? | chest x-ray or DNA-based test |
| what are the dangers of subcutaneous type of fungal disease? | -lesion or ulcer may result, spreading to lymphatic system |
Created by:
rolandowallace
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