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Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 basic functions of LS? | Fluid balance Fat absorption immunological defense |
| CS and LS working together? | Ly. system has its own set of vessels (lymph vessels) that are separate from the circulatory system's. |
| 5 Lymph tissues found throughout the body? | Tonsils Thymus Appendix spleen Peyer's patches (lymph follicles on the small intestine) |
| 3 characteristics of lymph nodes? | Small, encapsulated masses of lymph tissue found along lymph vessels Filtering station for lymph Surrounded by CT |
| What can lymph npdes roduce? extension? | Can produce lymphocytes to be sent through the bloodstream to the source of an infection; Extension of CT called trabeculae are like the skeleton of the node |
| lymph nodes. reticular fibers? where surrounded by? | Reticular fibers come off the trabelulae and from a net of CT within the node; Surrounded by regular lymphatic tissue;Have lymph nodules on outer edges with germinal centers |
| Germinal centers? | Where rapid mitosis of lymphocytes can occur in case of an invaders |
| Macrophages? | scattered throughout lymph nodes to help filter out invaders in the blood WBC |
| lymoh tissue? | Groups of lymphocytes (WBC that produce antibodies) |
| lymph vessels? | Carry lymph, a watery liquid formed from interstitial fluid and found in lymph vessels |
| interstitual fluid. lymph? | Fluid btw cells that is produced by the cells in capillaries and leaks out from those cells When the fluid enters lymph vessels its called lymph |
| lymph? | Returns to the circulatory system by the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct which drains into the subclavian veins |
| lymph vessels called? made of? called? | Have blind, porous, beginnings called lymph capillaries They start out as "dead end" capillaries Made of overlapping epithelial cells that allow interstitial fluid into the vessels found all over the body except CNS, bone marrow, and cartilage |
| FLow of lymphp. steps 1-3? | Skeletal muscles squeeze lymph throughout the body one way valves prevent back-flow smoother muscle found in larger lymph vessels constrict vessels causing it to flow |
| FLow of lymph. 4-6? | As interstitial fluids leave blood capillaries, they deliver O2 and nutrients to tissues 90% is drawn back into capillaries 10% is drawn into lymph capillaries, then lymph vessels, then filtered by lymph nodes, then re-enter blood stream |
| funciton of LS #1? | Fluid Balance - prevents edema which is a buildup of fluid that causes tissues to swell. |
| elephantiasis? | Elephantiasis Parasites collect in lymph vessels and block its flow causing edema in legs |
| funcitons of LS #2? lacteals? chyle? | Lacteals are vessels found in small intestines that collect fats Once fat is inside lymph vessels its called Chyle Chyle enters circulatory system That how fats enter bloodstream = High Cholesterol |
| functions of LS #3? | Immunological Defense - how the body protects itself from pathogenic invaders |
| immunological defense #1? | Diffuse lymphatic tissue - concentrations of lymphatic tissue intermixed with other tissues Diffuse lymphatic tissue has no clear boundaries found in mucous membrane and the spleen |
| Immunological defense #2? | Lymph nodules Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, spherical structures More organized than diffuse lymphatic tissue |
| Immunological defense #3? | Tonsils Groups of lymph nodule that protects the body from foreign invaders tonsils get smaller as a person matures and almost disappears in adults |
| immunological defense #4? | Peyer's Patches prevent invaders from entering the colon found at the end of the small intestine |
| immunological defense #5? | Spleen about the size of a fist made like a node but had smooth muscle around it |
| Functions of the spleen? | filters blood (not lymph) cleans out old and dead RBC back up supply/storage of oxygenated RBC |
| immunological defense #6? | Thymus Gland Grows in a young person and is mostly lymphatic tissue decreases in size and becomes fibrous, fatty tissue during adolescence produces thymosin |
| function #4 of the LS? | Immunity is another function of the LS has memory of certain viruses and responds to pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. |
| 2 divisions of the immune system? | innate and aquired immunity |
| Innate Immunity? | 1. Innate Immunity - a response thats the same regardless of the pathogen(general response) Received when a baby is born Nonspecific |
| aquired immunity? | 2. Acquired immunity - targets specific pathogens Chicken pox is and ex. of acquired immunity once someone has it, they cant get it again |
| Skin defense? | Barrier to infections sweat washes away bacteria secretes oil with antibacterial properties |
| mucus defense? | Mucus in respiratory tracks of mucus with trapped pathogens is swallowed, gastric juices kill pathogens |
| Tears defense? | Contain lysozyme that breaks is and kills bacteria |
| 2 kinds of the 2nd line of innate immunity? | complement and inferon |
| Complement? | Plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells They lyse bacteria, promote phagocytosis, and promote inflammation |
| Interferon? | Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus and stimulate nearby cells to increase antiviral defenses The infected cell dies, but can send a msg to surrounding cells to fight the virus |
| WBC and inflammation? | WBC stimulate histamines to stimulate vasodilation (increase diameter of blood vessel to increase blood flow to an area), bringing more complement attracting phagocytes to the site of infection |
| vasodilation? | vasodilation (increase diameter of blood vessel to increase blood flow to an area) |
| fever? pyrogens? | Foreign invaders produce pyrogens(increase temp) that act on the hypothalamus and increase the body temperature = fever |
| aquired immunity: humoral immunity. comes from? | Comes from antibodies in plasma |
| humoral immunity. antibodies: shaped? tips? | Are proteins that are Y shaped The 2 tips of the Y vary and allow for specific attachments called the variable regions - or antigen binding site |
| humoral immunity. antibodies: produced by? | are produced by b-cells, which are specialized lymphocytes, made by stem cells in the bone marrow |
| what produces antibodies? 2 kinds? | b-cells. plasma and memory |
| Plasma b-cells? | Produce plasma B-cells - release antibodies to fight an infection currently in the body |
| Memory b-cells? responsible for? | Produce memory B-cells the are long lived cells that don't release their antibodies but wait for the next attack Responsible for secondary response of the humoral immune system |
| 5 basic classes of constant regions? | IgG - phagocytosis IgM - activate complement proteins IgE - initiate inflammatory response IgA - found in breast milk, tears, and mucous IgD - binds to antigens and inactivates them |
| variable region? | variable region determines the antigen that the antibody will fight |
| constant region? | The constant region determines what group it is in (IgG, etc.) |
| aquired immunity: cell mediated? made? have what? | T-cells are made in bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland T-cells have receptors that help them distinguish btw cells that belong in the body and Foreign cells |
| t-cells? | React to an invading cells by creating effector T-cells and memory T-cells |
| effector t-cells? 2 groups? | Effector T-cells - attack the infection itself 2 Groups: Cytotoxic - "killer" t-cells - puncture invading cells and cause them to lyse Helper t-cells - stimulate the proliferation of B-cells and T-cels |
| HIV? | This virus destroys helper T-cells Patients with the virus don't die from the virus itself, but from other infections like pneumonia |
| memory t-cells? | Memory T-cells - provide long-lasting immunity responsible for the secondary response of cell-mediated immunity |
| 4 types of aquired immunity. Active natural immunity and active artifical immunity? | Active natural immunity: comes from being exposed to a pathogen (chicken-pox) Active artificial immunity: vaccines |
| 4 types of aquired immunity: Passive natural immunity and natural artifical immunity? | Passive natural immunity: passed btw a mother and a baby (IgG and IgA) Passive artificial immunity: a different individual is exposed to a pathogen and created antibodies and are removed and given to another individual Treatments of rabies and tetanus |
| autoimmunity? | Body starts attacking its own cells. (multiple sclerosis) |
Created by:
Ktfic
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