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Bio Ch38
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most macromolecules used by plants are provided by | soil |
| Essential Nutrient | An element required for both normal growth and reproduction and for specific structure and metabolic functions. |
| What elements make up about 96% of aplants dry weight? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Oxygen | Electron acceptor in cellular respiration, component of organic compounds. |
| Carbon | Substrate for photosynthesis, major component of organic compounds. |
| Hydrogen | Major component of organic compounds, electrical balance and establishment of electrochemical gradients. |
| Macronutrients | building blocks of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, phospholipids and other key moleciles required in relatively large quantities. |
| Limiting nutrients | Macronutrients that commonly act as linits on plant growth. |
| Micronutrients | Required in relatively small quantities. Rther than acting as components of macromolecules, they function as cofactors for specific enzymes. |
| Mobile elements | When their supply is limited they are transferred to other leaves. Their scarcity causes deterioration of older leaves. |
| Immobile nutrients | Remain in older leaves. Scarcity reflected in newer leaves. |
| Hydroponic growth | Used to study the effect of nutritional deficiencies. Take place in liquid cultures without soil so that the availability of nutrients can be controlled. |
| Weathering | Forces applied by rain, running water, and wind - begins breaking rock into soil. |
| Humus | Organic material added by organisms |
| Texture | refers to the proportions of different sized particles present in soil. |
| Best soils are called loams | Equal amounts of each component and high proportions of humus, |
| Soil erosion | When soil is carried away from site by wind or water. |
| Sustainable agriculture | Techniques that maintain ling term soil quality and productivity. |
| Leaching | Loss of nutrients via washing |
| Anions dissolve in soil water because they interact with water molecules via hydrogen bonding. | Easily available for absorption but easily washed out by rain. |
| Cations dissolve in soil water but are not as easily available. | Interact with with two types of soil particles, organic matter rich in organic acids, and the surfaces of clay. |
| Cation exchange | When protons or other cations in soil water bind to negative charges on soil particles, and cause bound cations to be released, making them available to plants. |
| Zone of maturation | Zone of primary growth in roots. |
| Root hairs | Increases surface area of roots for better nutrient and water absorption.Creates zone of depletion. |
| Plant cell walls are permeable to ions, small molecules, and some large molecules. | Plasma membrane is highly selective and only certain ions may cross. |
| Proton pumps | Move nutrients into cells through strong concentration gradient.Leads to excess of protons on the exterior of plasma membrane relative to the interior. This difference results in strong concentration gradient favoring movement of protons to epidermal cell |
| Electrochemical gradient | Combination of concentration and electrical gradients. |
| Mycorrhizae | Fungi that provides nitrogen and phosphorus to plants in exchange for receiving sugar from them. |
| Mutualistic relationship | A relationship in which two organisms benefit from each other. |
| Ectomycorrhizal fungi | Have hyphae that wrap around the epidermal cell of roots. |
| Arbuscal Mycorrhizal Fungi | Penetrate the wall of plant root cells. |
| Plants need their mycorrhizal components because... | If they're denied, most plants will grow slow and become overwhelmed by competitors. |
| Many metal ions found in plants are poisonous and are excluded through | Passive exclusion or active exclusion. |
| Passive exclusion occurs at | Casparian strips and root hairs. In casparian strip, toxins must go through endodermal cells. In hair cells, membrane proteins are required to allow ions to enter the cell. |
| Methallonthioneins | Small proteins that bind to metal ions and prevent them from acting as poisons. |
| Proteins in tonoplast may allow... | plant cells to actively remove toxic substances from cytosol and store the in the vacuole. |
| Antiporter | Conducts protons along electrochemical gradient and brings sodium ions into the vacuole along their concentration gradient. |
| Plants and other eukaryotes cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. | They utilize bateria that are able to absorb it and convert in to ammonioa, nitrates and nitrites in a process known as nitrogen fixation. |
| Nitrogen fixation requires | Nitrogenase |
| Nitrogen fixing bacteria takes residence in | Root cells. |
| Nodules | where nitrogen fixing rhizobia are found. |
| Plant does not contain rhizobia after germination.Root has to maje contact with bacterial cells already in soil. | Young roots release flavonoids to attract bacterium. |
| Nod factor | Bind to the protein on the membrane of the root hair cells. |
| Steps to infection | Flavonoids attract rhizobia Rhizobia multiply inside hair root Infection thread grows into root cortex Thread buds off releasing rhizobia in cortex cells. Infected cortex cells divide rapidly forming nodules. |
| Epiphytes | Plants that are adapted to grow in the absence of soil. |
| Parasitic plants | Make their own sugars through photosynthesis and tap into vascular tissue of host for water and essential nutrients. |
| Carnivorous plants | Use modified leaves to trap insects and other animals. Make their own carbohydrates but use carnivory supplement for nitrogen. |
Created by:
grijalvard
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