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BIO 201 Exam 2 Ch 6
Gram positive bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the firmicutes? | all gram-positive bacteria |
| what are the groups of the firmicutes? | 1) mycoplasma 2) clostridium 3) bacillus 4) lactobacillus 5) myobacterium 6) corynebacterium 7) antinomycete |
| what are some characteristics of the mycoplasma group? | -no cell wall -irregular shape -pathogenic -cholesterol in cell membrane -smallest genomes of any living organism -associated with animals, plants |
| list the organisms in the mycoplasma group | 1) mycoplasma pnuemoniae |
| what does m. pneumoniae cause? | -causes pneumonia > meningitis, encephalitis |
| what are the characteristics of the clostridium group? | -mostly anaerobic rods -form endospores -many pathogenic |
| list the organisms in the clostridium group | 1) c. tetani 2) c. botulinum 3) c. perfringens 4) c. difficile |
| what does c. tetani cause? | -causes tetanus (lockjaw) disease of the nervous system -neonatal tetanus (unclean delivery kits) |
| where is c. tetani present? | -herbivore intestinal tracts of farm animals -spores in manure, soil |
| if an animal or human wound is contaminated with c. tetani soil what will happen? | -spores germinate -produce tetanus toxin -affects neural transmission |
| what does an extreme case of tetanus look like? | spasms result in curvature of the spine (painting of man with arched back) |
| how is tetanus prevented? treated? | -prevented by immunization -treated with anti-tetanus antibody. |
| what does c. botulinum cause? | -causes botulism -acute diarrhea, cramps |
| c. botulinum spores are associated with what? | -associated w animals and herbivore intestines |
| how does meat processing relate to c. botulinum? | -canned meats not processed properly -spores germinate, multiply -produce toxin causes diarrhea |
| describe the toxin created by c. botulinum spores | -causes diarrhea -mildly neurotoxic -used as Botox A |
| where does Botox A come from and what is it used for? | -toxin from c. botulinum! -injected into skin -control wrinkles, migraines, uncoordinated eyes |
| ?what does c. perfringens cause? | causes gangrene! |
| ?c. perfringens spores are associated with what? | -spores associated animals -found in soil |
| ?what happens if c. perfringens spores or organism infects wounds? | -produces toxin -causes major tissue damage and necrosis |
| ?what can happen in serious cases of c. perfringens infection? | -major tissue damage and necrosis -require amputation of limbs! |
| what is necrosis? | the premature death of cells in living tissue |
| what does c. difficile cause? how is c. difficile cured? | -causes pseudomembranous colitis (particularly in hospitalized elderly patients) -fecal transplantation cures C. diff |
| how did c. difficle begin to proliferate? | -antibiotic misuse (1970s) = decrease in normal flora = proliferation |
| list the organisms of the bacillus group | 1) b. anthracis 2) b. thuringiensis |
| what are some characteristics of the bacillus group? | -aerobic or facultative anaerobic rods -form endospores |
| what does b. anthracis cause? | anthrax |
| who is at high risk of getting anthrax? | -sheep farmers -wool sorters -spores present in sheep wool |
| what are the 3 types of anthrax? how are they contracted? | 1) cutaneous (skin abrasions) 2) inhalational (inhaling spores) 3) ingestion (contaminated food) |
| what are some symptoms of cutaneous anthrax? | -initially looks like insect bite -black center > edema > necrosis |
| what is edema? | -swelling caused by fluid retention -excess fluid trapped in body's tissues |
| what are the untreated fatality rates of the 3 types of anthrax? | 1) cutaneous = 20% 2) inhalational = 100% 3) ingestion = 25-60% |
| how is inhalational anthrax contracted? | -inhaling spores -germinate into macrophages -secrete toxin |
| what are the symptoms of inhalational anthrax? | -pneuomnia -breathing difficulties -shock -disorientation -death |
| what are the symptoms of ingestion anthrax? | -severe diarrhea -vomiting -blood in the stool |
| who is the anthrax vaccine administered too? | only high risk groups (military, CDC personnel...) |
| ?what is b. thuringiensis? | -soil organism -pathogenic to insect larvae |
| ?how does b. thuringiensis work? | -larvae ingest spores and die -insecticidal protein crystal formed in sporulation -causes water loss from the digestive system |
| ?how is b. thuringiensis prevented? | BT spray = biodegradable insecticide |
| what are the characteristics of the lactobacillus group? | non-spore forming rods and cocci |
| list the organisms of the lactobacillus group | 1) l. acidophilus 2) s. aureus 3) s. pneumoniae 4) s. pyogenes 5) s. mutans 6) s. lactis 7) l. monocytogenes |
| what shape is l. acidophilus? where is it found? | -rod shaped -found in milk products, human intestine, vagina |
| what products can l. acidophilus make? | buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, and pickles |
| what is l. acidophilus used for? | "probiotic" to control yeast infections |
| what shape is s. aureus? where is it found? | -irregular cocci clusters -found in skin |
| what is s. aureus commonly associated with? | -commonly associated with skin infections (stye) -post operative infections -endocarditis |
| does s. aureus produce toxin? if so, what are the results? | -toxic shock syndrome (tss) -scalded skin syndrome |
| can s. aureus get into food? if so what can it cause? | -food poisoning -causes mild gastroenteritis |
| do antibiotic strains for s. aureus exist? | yes (example MRSA, VRSA) |
| what shape is s. pneumonia? where is it found? what does it cause? | -commonly found as cocci in pairs (w capsule) -present in throat -causes pneumonia, meningitis |
| what shape s. pyogenes? where is it found? what does it cause? | -long chains cocci -found in throat -causes sore (strep) throat (petichae) |
| what are the other dangers of s. pyogenes? | -gets in bloodstream -causes endocarditis, scarlet fever, and puerpal fever -"flesh-eating bacteria" necrotizing fasciitis |
| what is endocarditis? | inflammation of inside lining of heart chambers and valves (endocardium) |
| what is scarlet fever? | infectious disease characterized by a fever, sore throat and characteristic rash |
| what is puerperal fever? | vaginal infection contracted by women resulting in mortality during childbirth |
| what shape is s. mutans? | cocci in chains |
| where is s. mutans found and what is it associated with? | -found in mouth -associated with dental plaque |
| how is dental plaque made? | -sucrose -breaks down into glucose (capsule = dextran = sticky) -fructose ( lactic acid) |
| what are the dangers of dental plaque? | -acid etchs enamel -begin cavity -corrode teeth |
| what shape is s. lactis? where is it found? what is it used for? | -cocci in chains -found in milk -used to make "greek" yogurt -probiotic for C. diff infection |
| what shape is l. monocytogenes? where is it found? | -rod-shaped -found in milk from diseased cattle |
| what are the dangers of l. monocytogenes? | -contaminate yogurt,cheese and preserved meat -inhibit the growth of Listeria |
| how does. l. monocytogenes work? and what are the results? | -ingested multiplies in monocytes -hides in the gallbladder -interferes cellular stress response -results in meningitis, miscarriage, septicemia |
| what are the characteristics of the mycobacterium group? | -mycolic acid in cell wall (makes it acid-fast) -acid-fast rods -many pathogens |
| what are the organisms in the mycobacterium group? | 1) m. tuberculosis 2) m. leprae |
| what does m. tuberculosis cause and how is it transmitted? | -causes tuberculosis (respiratory infection) -droplet transmission -spread through aerosols -requires prolonged contact |
| how does m. tuberculosis work? | -invades the lungs and infects macrophages -organism grows in macrophages and adipose |
| what are the dangers or m. tuberculosis? | -spread to skin and bone -death if untreated |
| how is m. tuberculosis cured or stopped? | -months of treatments -resistant to common antibiotics |
| what does m. leprae cause and where is it found? | -it causes leprosy (infection of nervous system) -human gene found on Chromosome 6 |
| how does the m. leprae work? | -organism intracellular in neurons -grows in the neurons of PNS destroying them -requires prolonged contact |
| what are some results of m. leprae? | -skin lesions -loss of sensation -disfiguration (coloration) of the skin -muscle atrophy -recession of digits -bleeding sores |
| how is the m. leprae studied? | -cannot be grown in vitro = hard to study -grows in foot pad of armadillo, and nude mice |
| how is m. leprae cured? | only curable in the early stages |
| describe the shape of the corynebacterium group? | irregular rods |
| list the organisms in the corynebacterium group | 1) c. diptheriae 2) p. acnes |
| where is c. diptheriae found? and what does it cause? | -in the throat, occasionally skin -it causes diptheria (when infected by specific bacteriophage) |
| what are the symptoms of c. diptheriae? | -produces toxin -membrane in the throat, fever, swollen neck difficult breathing and swallowing |
| how is c. diptheriae prevented? | a vaccine is routinely adminstered to children |
| where is p. acnes found? and what does it do? | -found on the skin -infects hair follicles -runs in families |
| describe the characterisitcs of the actinomycete group? | -common soil and aquatic organisms -long branching filaments -produce "aerial" spores at the end of a vertical shaft -germination after rain = smell of soil |
| what are the organisms in the actinomycete group? | 1)streptomyces 2)micromonospora |
| what is streptomyces? | -common soil organism -produces most common antibiotics (streptomycin, neomycin, etc.) |
| what is micromonospora? | -soil organism -produces the antifungal antiobiotic (nystatin) |
| l. monocytogenes - what is the mechanism of fetal infection? | -enters through cytrotrophoblast (attachment point to uterus) |
| what does s. pyogenes produce? | -produces protease that inactivates interleukin 8 (prevents phagocytosis) |
| how is m. pneumonia caused? | -projection of cytoplasm (tip = sticky protein) -attaches to tissue surfaces |
| what are some symptoms of c. difficile? | -fever -diarrhea -cramp -foul stool odor |
| what is septicemia? | -bacteria in the blood that occurs with severe infections -results from l. monocytogenes |
| what are the results of m. tuberculosis infection? | -tissue destruction decreases lung function -cough, blood in sputum -rapid weight loss and fatigue |
| how does p. acnes work? what are the symptoms? | -metabolizes fatty acids to propionic acid -acts as a skin irritant > causes acne -scaly skin, pimples, and cysts |
Created by:
rolandowallace
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