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Bio 101 test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of general cells in an organism? | Somatic and stem cells. |
| What are differentiated cells? | They perform specific functions and have specific sets of proteins in them. |
| What happens in the nucleus that leads a cell to differentiate into a specific cell type? | Replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus removed from an adult body cell. |
| What did John Gurdon’s experiments with from eggs and nuclear transplantation provide? | Showed that all organisms have the potential to create an entire organism. |
| What happens during nuclear reprogramming? | An adult somatic nucleus is placed into a nucleus free egg cell resulting in a new organism. |
| What 3 properties distinguish stem cells from somatic cells? | Self renewal, can divide indefinitely, and can give rise to any cell type. |
| What did the experiments of Shinya Yamanaka show? | An alternative to isolating stem cells from embryos is adding back 4 genes so adult cells can be reprogramed like embryonic stem cells. |
| What did Shinya Yamanaka called pluripotent stem cells? | Induced pluripotent stem cells. |
| What is the result of common cancers, such as colon, lung and skin? | The accumulation of mutations during a person’s lifetime. |
| Common cancers arise from mutations in what kind of cells? | Somatic cells. |
| What is the difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell? | The cells signal a defective DNA replication and repairs are defective and they escape from cell cycle check points. |
| What does the cancer stem cell theory propose? | That in tumors there is a population of cells that give rise to most cells in the tumor. |
| How are cancer cells that are a part of a tumor similar to stem cells? | They replicate and continue to go through cell division producing multiple cells. |
| What are the two types of genes that can become mutated to become a cancer cell? | Oncogene (drive cell growth and division) and tumor suppressors (keep growth and division in check) |
| What are genetically modified organisms (GMO) cells also called and what do they usually contain? | Transgenic organisms; genes from other species to make more useful products. |
| Give an example of a bacterial, plant and animal GMO. | Bacteria: human growth hormone; insulin. Plant: anti-pesticide, corn, soybeans. Animal: blood clotting factors, transgenic sheep. |
| List the steps in cloning a gene. | Vectors are placed in plasmids which then use enzymes to cut the 2 kinds of DNA and place them with alternating plasmids, they use bacterial plasmids. |
| What is recombinant DNA? | a plasmid or piece of DNA that has DNA from two different species in it. |
| Describe the polymerase chain reaction method. | Used to make thousands of copies from a single segment of DNA that uses an instrument that amplifies the amount of DNA. |
| What are short tandem repeats (STRs)? | The genetic markers used in DNA forensic analysis and DNA fingerprinting. |
| What are STRs repeats of? | DNA fragments (the end of chromosomes) |
| How do alleles of STRs differ from one another? | Every individual has a different unique set of STRs. |
| What is a genome? | The sequence of all nucleotides in the DNA of an organism. |
| Organisms with linear chromosomes have a mechanism to ensure that what? | The ends of the chromosomes get copied during DNA replication in a cell. |
| What are the ends of chromosomes called? | Telomere |
| What is particular about the ends of chromosomes? | Every time the chromosomes copy the ends get shorter. |
| What is telomerase? | The enzyme that maintains the end of the chromosomes. |
| What two ways are helpful in trying to understand and treat human health and disease? | Functional genomics (identify genes and gene products) and genomic and disease (identify the genetic basis of disease). |
| What is the Barcode of Life’s initiative? | to create a reference library of DNA sequences for all the species on earth. |
| What segment of DNA is being used to create a Barcode for each species? | Nucleotide segment. |
| What 3 things are used as evolutionary tape measures? | DNA, transcript and protein sequences. |
| What does the comparison measure when genomic DNA is measured between species? | DNA or protein comparison reveals how closely or distantly related organisms are. |
| What is the vector that is used to infect normal copies of the gene into individuals and how was it inserted? | Retroviral vector and target the bone marrow. |
Created by:
ashbuck
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