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CH 5 Integumentary
Chapter 5 Integumentary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidermis | Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale -Dermal papilla (dermis) |
| Dermis | Dermal Papillae Nervous Tissue Vascular Tissue Smooth Muscle Glandular Tissue Hair Follicle |
| Skin Organization: Regions | Epidermis—superficial region Dermis—middle region Hypodermis (superficial fascia)—deepest region |
| Characteristics of the Epidermis (Skin) | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Cells of epidermis Keratinocytes—produce protein keratin Melanocytes Produce pigment melanin Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages that help activate immune system (Merkel) cells—touch recepto |
| Stratum Basale in the Epidermis | Is the deepest layer also called Stratum Germinativum -Consists of cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells -Cells undergo mitosis to replace old or lost skin cells every 19-20 Days -Creates a barrier between the Epidermis and Dermis |
| Stratum Spinosum in the Epidermis | Known as the prickly layer -Cells are bound by desmosomes which support the epidermis -Some mitosis of cells occurs here -Contains melanin granules and dendritic cells |
| Stratum Granulosum in the Epidermis | -Cells change from cuboidal epithelium to squamous Epithelium (3-5 cell layers thick) -Cells fill with keratin -Produce lipids for waterproofing the skin -Apoptosis occurs here (programmed cell death) |
| Stratum Lucidum in the Epidermis | -Known as the clear layer -Found only in thick skin -Is a clear layer of dead cells (keratinocytes) -Found in Palms and Soles of the feet |
| Stratum Corneum in the Epidermis | -Dead cells containing keratin which gives this layer its structural strength and protection -Dead cells are surrounded by lipids;prevent fluid loss -Consists of multiple layers (20-30) of overlapping cells for protection -Gradually lost off the |
| Three pigments contribute to skin color of the Epidermis | 1Melanin -Yellow to reddish-brown to black -Produced in melanocytes -Freckles and pigmented moles -Local accumulations of melanin 2 Carotene Yellow to orange, most obvious in the palms and soles 3 Hemoglobin pinkish color in skin |
| Specialized Structures/Functions of the Epidermis | -Skin Color -Melanocytes are irregularly shaped cells in the basal layer -Produce Melanin= Is a pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color -Melanin is packaged in vesicles called melanosomes, from the golgi complex -Vitamin-D production |
| Hair (Epidermis) | Functions- Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight Distribution- Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia |
| Hair – Special Characteristics | -Consists of dead keratinized cells -Contains hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin of skin -Hair pigments: melanins (yellow, rust brown, black) -Gray/white hair: decreased melanin production, increased air bubbles in shaft |
| Hair follicle | Is formed from special in-foldings of the epidermis into the dermal layer -Consists of two layers -Inner&Outer root sheath -hair bulb (expanded deep end) -Are connected to Sebaceous glands Hair follicle receptors (root hair plexus) Arrector pili |
| Hair follicle accessories | -Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus) -Arrector pili Smooth muscle attached to follicle -“goose bumps” (Cross Section) -External&Internal epithelial root sheath -Follicle wall |
| Types of Hair | Vellus—pale, fine body hair of children and adult females Terminal—coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck of males) |
| Hair Growth | Growth phase (weeks to years) followed by regressive stage and resting phase (1–3 months) |
| Hair Thinning and Baldness | Alopecia—hair thinning in both sexes after age 40 True (frank) baldness- Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition -Male pattern baldness is caused by follicular response to DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) |
| Two main types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands -Eccrine- | Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands—abundant on palms, soles, and forehead -Function in thermoregulation -Found mostly on palms and soles. |
| Two main types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands -Apocrine- | Apocrine sweat glands—confined to axillary and anogenital areas -Ducts connect to hair follicles Functional from puberty onward -Specialized apocrine glands Ceruminous glands—in external ear canal -Mammary glands -Armpits and groin |
| Sebaceous (Oil) Glands | Widely distributed -Most develop from hair follicles (Oil onto cuticle of hair) -Become active at puberty -Sebum Oily holocrine secretion Bactericidal Softens hair and skin |
| Characteristics of the Dermis | -Strong, flexible connective tissue -Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells -Two layers: Papillary Reticular |
| Structures of the Dermis | -Dermal papilla -Nerves -Vascular tissue -Smooth muscle (arrector pili) |
| Dermal Papilla: Function | Increases surface area for blood vessel exposure to the epidermis -Nutrients can reach the cells and waste does not accumulate -Contain nerve cells for sensation detection |
| Papillary Layer and Dermal Papillae | -Papillary layer Areolar (loose) connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels Dermal papillae |
| Characteristics of the Dermis: Reticular Layer | Reticular layer ~80% of the thickness of dermis Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties |
| Vascular Tissue in the Dermis | Capillaries -Serves for gas and nutrient exchange -Important for temperature regulation |
| Epidermal ridges (Skin Characteristics) | Form finger prints -Epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingerprints |
| Cleavage lines (Skin Characteristics) | Collagen fibers arranged in bundles form cleavage (tension) lines Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily |
| Structure of a Nail | Scalelike modification of the epidermis |
| Skin Cancer | -Most skin tumors are benign -Overexposure to UV radiation -Frequent irritation of the skin |
| Skin Cancer (Basal cell carcinoma) | -Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis -Cured by surgical excision |
| Skin Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) | -Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum -Most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands -Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically |
| Skin Cancer (Melanoma) | -Involves melanocytes -Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy -Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy |
| Melanoma-Characteristics (ABCD rule) | -Asymmetry -Border -Color -Diameter |
| Burn scale | -Anterior and posterior head and neck, 9% -Anterior and posterior upper limbs, 18% -Anterior and posterior trunk, 36% -Perineum, 1% -Anterior and posterior lower limbs, 36% |
| 1st degree burns (parietal thickness burn) | Only the epidermis Redness, slight edema, swelling Can heal within a week No scarring |
| 2nd degree burns (parietal thickness burn) | -Involve both the epidermis and dermis -Blisters -Heals between 2 weeks and several months -Might scar -Epidermis regenerates from tissue in hair follicles and sweat glands |
| 3rd degree burn (Full thickness burn) | -epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed, also includes hypodermis damage -Is often surrounded by areas of 1st and 2nd degree burns -These areas are painful -Healing and recovery happens from the edges of the burn wound. -Healing=months to years |
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