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Bio 2 test 2
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three generalizations from the study of life | unity, diversity, and structure and function |
| unity | living things are alike in many ways |
| diversity | living things are incredibly diverse |
| structure and function | form and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. |
| the unity of life, an example | DNA and genetic code. cells and cellular oganiation. biochemistry and metabolism |
| example of the unity of life | paramecium and human trachea cells. |
| diversity of life | bacteria, protists, kingdom plantae, archaea, kingdom fungi, and kingdom animalia |
| structure and function | bone structure in birds wings. neuron cells. |
| examples of structure and function | ammonia - diffuses into water. urea- less toxic made in body from ammonia needs water to be excreted uric acid- can be stored in developing eggs but is excreted when born |
| cause of unity? | a common ancestor. |
| cause of diversity? | descent with modification (birds on galapcapos islands with all different peaks) |
| cause of structure and function? | natural selection. results in adaptation. |
| example of natural selection - shrike and horn lizards | average length of parietal horn on lizard was 10% longer then the lizards who were killed. example of natural selection |
| when does natural selection occur? | with variation, inheritance, and differential success at reproduction. |
| emerging ideas of the 18th century: (3) | ancient earth, uniformitarianism, mutability |
| ancient earth | earth was believed to be 1000's of years old. in early 18th century started to believe 4.5 billion years old. |
| uniformitarianism | geological features are the result of gradual on going processes observable today (not catastrophism) |
| mutability | organisms change over time (not immutable creations) |
| where did darwin live? | england |
| what year did darwin live | 1802-1882 |
| what did darwin study? | studied medicine, trained for ministry, interested in botany, zoology, and geology |
| when did he serve as a naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle? | 1831-1836 |
| fossils | extinct organisms, transitional forms, changing environments. found in strata |
| biogeography | distribution of species throughout earth. closely related species often occur in the same geographic region |
| homologous structures | modifications of a single structure from their common ancestor (limb on whale, cat, human, and rat) |
| natural process of evolution | natural selection |
| artificial selection | selection in a laboratory setting. cloning, breeding certain plants, etc. |
| natural selection : observation 1 | members of a population vary greatly in their traits |
| natural selection: observation 2 | offspring inherit traits from their parents |
| natural selection: observation 3 | all species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support |
| natural selection: observation 4 | due to lack of food or other resources many of these offspring do not survive |
| natural selection: inference 1 | individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment than other individuals tend to leave more offspring than other individuals |
| natural selection: inference 2 | this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will cause favorable traits to accumulate over generations |
| female guppies preffered what kind of male guppie? | brightly colored |
| male guppies in pools with killifish were what color? | brightly colored |
| male guppies in pools with pike cichlids were what color? | drab colored |
| guppie experiment results: | predation by pike-cichlids causes natural selection favoring drab coloration in guppies. |
| 3TC antibody effect on HIV over time | slows virus duplication. virus reverse transcriptase binds to 3TC instead of human dna. after about 3 weeks virus no longer resistant to 3Tc |
| natural selection results from | interactions between organisms and their environment. |
| what evolves in natural selection? | populations evolve not individuals. |
| what direction does natural selection operate in? | natural selection can operate in different directions at the same time. |
| what environment does natural selection operate in? | natural selection can operate in different environments. |
| coevolution | evolutionary changes in one species imposes selection on other species (vice versa) |
| end result of natural selection | adaptation |
| two different types of gartersnake | striped morph (common everywhere), and melanistic morph(generally rare) |
| which type of gartersnake is recessive? | melanistic (ss) |
| mechanisms of evolution 1: | change in genotype and allele frequencies |
| mechanisms of evolution 2: | the hardy-weinberg principle |
| mechanisms of evolution 3: | real populations and the hardy-weinberg principle |
| mechanisms of evolution 4: | effects of natural selection |
| gene | unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA. |
| allele | an alternative form of a gene (S vs. s) |
| locus | a particular place on a DNA molecule |
| polymorphism | occurance of 2 or more genetically determined forms of a trait (alleles) within a population |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism, usually with respect to a specific locus (SS,Ss,ss) |
| phenotype | the observable characteristics of an organism, usually in respect to a specific trait. |
| example of polymorphism in humans | blood type |
| three alleles in blood type | i, Ia, Ib |
| six genotypes in blood type | ii, IaIa, Iai, IbIb, Ibi, and IaIb |
| blood type o | ii |
| blood type a | IaIa, or Iai |
| blood type b | IbIb, or Ibi |
| blood type ab | IaIb |
| phenotypes of blood | o,A,B, and AB |
| species | kings of organisms. a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed |
| population | group of species in one location |
| gene pool | alleles within a population |
| hardy-weinberg principle | p2+2pq+q2=1 |
| when does evolution occur in regards to the hardy-weinberg equation? | evolution occurs when the hardy-weinberg principle is not met |
| five things that happen when evolution occurs | mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection, small population size, gene flow |
| fitness | reproductive success |
| stabilizing selection | heterozygotes have highest fitness. AAaa |
| balanced polymorphism | both alleles persist in a population |
| disruptive selection | heterozygotes have lowest fitness (AA>Aa |
| directional selection | fitness of dominate allele is lower than that of dominate recessive and recessive. SS |
Created by:
michelle5671
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