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muscleskeletal
disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A form of electromagnetic radiation? | X-Ray |
| This is also useful for detecting some disorders involving soft tissue? | X-Ray |
| Nuclear scanning test, that identifies new areas of bone growth or bone break down? | Bone Scan |
| Radioactive tracer injected in vein is used during a? | Bone Scan |
| Used to evaluate possible bone tumors, Fx, and infections | Bone Scan |
| Creates a 3D image from multiple x ray images. | CT Scan |
| uses IV contrast medium to provide better images | CT Scan |
| proviedes greater clarity than x-rays on internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood vessels? | CT Scan |
| Uses strong Magnetic field, no radiation, pt. with some metal implants cant have this test done. | MRI |
| has much greater soft tissue contrast than CT Scan | MRI |
| measures the electrical impulses of muscles at rest during contraction | EMG |
| Used to detect electrical activity that can occur in many diseases and conditions | EMG |
| Minimally invasive surgical procedure in which and examination (and sometimes treatment of damage) of the interior of a joint is performed. | Arthroscopy |
| allows analysis of fluid for signs of inflammation, bleeding, and infection. | synovial fluid aspiration |
| serum calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone. | Blood Tests May indicate metabolic changes. |
| serum creatine kinase (ck) | Blood Test Elevated in many muscle diseases. |
| Is an enzyme importany for energy storage, leaks out of damaged muscle cells into body fluids | Creatine Kinase |
| A bone is broken to form to or more seperate peices | Complete Fx |
| Bone is only partially broken | Incomplete Fx |
| the shafte of the bone is bent tearing the bone on one side but not extending all the way through | Green Stick Fx (incomplete Fx) |
| results when the skin is broken, more damage to soft tissue | Open Fx (compound) |
| Skin is not brken at the Fx Site | Closed Fx |
| Single Break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment and position | Simple Fx |
| There are multiple Fx lines and bone fragments | Comminuted Fx |
| when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces (common in vertebrae) | Compression Fx |
| when one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone | Impacted Fx |
| Results from weakness in the bone structure | Pathologic FX |
| results from repeated excessive stress | Stress FX |
| occurs in the skull, when the broken section is forced inward on the brain. | Depressed Fx |
| Fracture across the bone | Transverse Fx |
| A Break along the axis of bone | Linear Fx |
| Fracture at an angle to the diaphysis | Oblique Fx |
| Facture that angles around the bone (usually due to a twisting injury) | Spiral Fx |
| fracture of the distal radius at the wrist, often from falling on outstretched hand | Colles' fracture |
| fracture of the lower fibula due to excesssive stress on the ankle | pott's fracture |
| fracture of the 5th metatarsal | Jones Fracture |
| when a bone breaks, bleeding occurs from the blood vessels in the bone and | periosteum |
| bleeding and inflammation develop around the bone because of | soft tissue damage |
| forms in the medullary canal, under the periosteum, and between the ends of the bone fragments. | Hematoma (clot) |
| serves as the basis for a fibrin network into which granulation tissue grows | Hematoma |
| form new cartilage | Chondroblasts |
| during bone repair bone ends are splinted together by a | fibrocartilaginous Callus (gradually replaced by bone) |
| osteoblasts begin to generate | new bone |
| in children fractures heal in approxiately | 1 month |
| in adults heal in approx | 2 or more months |
| many casts are on for around | 6 weeks |
| muscle spasms, infections, and ischemia are all | complications of the healing process |
| may develope shortly after fx when there is more extensive inflammation (crush Fractures) | Compartment syndrome |
| increased pressure of fluid within fascia, the nonelastic covering of muscles (causes servere pain and ischemia or necrosis of muscle) | Compartment syndrome |
| risk when fatty marrow escapes from bone marrow into vein within 1st week after injury | fat emboli |
| more common in fracture of pelvis or long bones, especially if not well immobilized after injury | fat emboli |
| can travel to lungs and cause obstruction, extensive inflammation, and respiratory distress | fat emboli |
| can occur with severe trauma or tearing of perisoteum | nerve damage |
| may result if bone is not stabilized with ends closely aproximated and aligned | falure to heal |
| fractures at or near a joint can cause long term effects such as | osteoarthritis or stunted growth |
| grating sound heard if ends of bone fragments move over each other | Crepitus |
| ORIF | open reduction internal fixation |
| casts, splints, traction | immobilization |
| application of force or weight pulling on limb that is opposed by body weight. | traction |
| force maintains alignment of bones, prevents muscle spasms, and immobilizes the limb | traction |
| seperation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between the articulationg bone surfaces | dislocations |
| if bone is only partially displaced | subluxation |
| tear in a ligament | sprain |
| tear in a tendon, muscle | strain |
| ligaments or tendons completely separated from their bony attachment | avulsion |
| a tendont or ligament requires this amount of time to become strong again | 6 weeks |
| most repetitive strain injuries involve | upper body |
| repetitive strain injuries age range | 30 - 50 |
| repetitive strain injuries caused by | repetitive jobs (high stress levels) |
| strain injuries signs and symptoms | pain, weakness, numbness (clumsy with hands) |
| common metabolic bone disorder | osteoporosis |
| more common in women | osteoporosis |
| bone resorption exceeds bone formation | osteoporosis |
| osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast | osteoporosis |
| leads to fragile bones subject to spontaneous fracture | osteoporosis |
| asymptomatic - back pain is common sign | osteoporosis |
| kyphosis and scoliosis common | osteoporosis |
| calcium intake in the child and young adult is critical to maintaining bone mass later in life. | osteoporosis |
| postmenopausal, senile, idiopathic | primary osteoporosis |
| following specific primary disorder (crushing syndrom) | secondary osteoporosis |
| results from deficit of vitamin d and poshphates | rickets & osteomalacia |
| bow legs, childs height usually below normal | rickets in children |
| in adults, results in soft bones and compression fractures | osteomalacia |
| progressive bone disease that occurs in adults older than 40 | pagets disease |
| majority of primary tumors are malignant | bone tumors |
| common site of secondary tumors, in spine and pelvis | bone tumors |
| malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children and young adults | osteosarcoma |
| malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones | ewings sarcoma |
| both (osteosarcoma/ewings sarcoma) can cause pathologic fractures and metasize of lungs | 5 year survival rate 30% |
| group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle | muscular dystrophy |
| disorders differ in type of inheritance, are affected, age at onset, ad rate of progression | muscular dystrophy |
| most common muscualar dystrophy | duchenne's |
| metabolic defect leads to degeneration and necrosis of muscle cells | muscular dystrophy |
| skeletal muscle fibers are replaced by fat and fibrous connective tissue | muscular dystrophy |
| cardiomyopathy is common | muscular dystrophy |
| early signs appear at age 3, motor weakness and regression become evident | muscular dystrophy |
| initial weakness in the pelvi girdle cause a waddling gait | muscular dystrophy |
| gowers manuever is common | muscular dystrophy |
| weakness spread to muscle groups, tendon reflex reduced, respitory insufficiency and infections are common signs and symptoms | muscular dystrophy |
| death usually by age 20 from respitory or cardiac failure | muscular dystrophy |
| group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness effecting muscles tendons, and surrounding soft tissue. not joints | fibromalgia |
| 18 trigger points where pain and tenderness is may be stimulated have been identified | fibromalgia |
| higher in women 20-50 years old, sleep deprivation, stress, fatique. | fibromalgia |
| wear and tear arthritis - degenerative | osteoarthritis |
| 1 in 3 adults in the US have some degree of | OA |
| men are effected more then women | OA |
| eventually subchondrial bone exposed and damaged | OA |
| peices of osteophytes and cartilage break off into synovial cartilage | OA |
| primary form is idiopathic | OA |
| secondary is from injury or abuse | OA |
| once cartilage is damaged frictionless surface of articular cartilage lost | OA |
| pain, joint movement limited, walking becomes difficult, creptius may be heard. | OA |
| autoimmune disease, causeing chronic systemic inflammatory disease | RA |
| 1% or more of population is effected | RA |
| higher incidence in women than men, and increases in older individuals | RA |
| remissions and exacerbation lead to progressive damage to the joints. | RA |
| insidiously with bilateral involvment of the small joints such as the fingers, followed by inflammation and destruction of additional joints | RA |
| 1st step is abnormal immune resonse, cause red swollen painfull joints. | RA |
| after 1st period of acute inflammation, joint may appear to recover fully, | RA |
| Synovitis | inflammation recurs, synovial cells proliferate |
| pannus formation | granulation tissue from synovium spreads over articular capsule |
| carilage erosion | eroded by enzymes from pannus, pannus also cuts off nutrients |
| fibrosis | pannus between bone ends become fibrotic, limits movement |
| anklosis | joints fixation and deformity |
| seems to be linked to several viral infections | RA |
| developes in a single joint | infectous (septic) Arthritis |
| causes of infectious septic arthritis | bacteria, lyme disease |
| agressive antimicrobial is treament for | Infectious septic arthritis |
| most common in men older than 40 | gout |
| results from deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in joint | gout |
| usually effects a single joint | gout |
| chronic progressive inflammatory condition | anklosing spondylitis |
| affects the sacroillac (SI) joints, intervebral spaces, and costoverbral joints of the axial skeleton | anklosing spondylitis |
| usually developes in those 20-30 years old | anklosing spondylitis |
| vertebral joints first become inflamed | anklosing spondylitis |
| fribrosis and calcification/fusion of the joints then occurs | anklosing spondylitis |
| inflammation ocurrs in SI joints and prgresses up the spine | anklosing spondylitis |
| initially low back pain, morning stiffness, pain often worse when laying down | anklosing spondylitis |
| as calcification develops the spine becomes more rigid, and motion is impaired | anklosing spondylitis |
| 1/3 of individuals develop systemic signs, fatique, fever, weight loss | anklosing spondylitis |
Created by:
spo444
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