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MicroBiology Meta

Metabolism Notes

QuestionAnswer
What is fermentation? It is a biochemical process that does not require oxygen in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule.
What pH indicator is in the media when doing a fermentation test? phenol red
A durham tube traps _____ produced during respiration. (Fermentation) Gases
When the inoculated tube of a bacteria is ferment the carbohydrate, what color does the media turn? Yellow
Nutrients that are metabolized results in what kind of change? alkaline change (pink)
What test is used to differentiate enterobacteriaceae? IMViC (Indole, Methyl Red, Vogues-Proskauer, Citrate)
Indole determines... if a bacteria has the enzyme trytophanase to breakdown trytophan in the media.
If a bacteria is indole positive, what color should be produced in the media? Cherry Red
This reagent is added to the surface of an indole test... Kovac's Reagent
Methyl Red test differentiates between what two bacterium? E. coli and E. aerogenes
What will E. coli produce after fermenting glucose and methyl red reagents are added? It will produce acidic end products that will turn the media red.
Why does E. aerogenes remain clear after methyl red reagents are added? E. aerogenes will ferment glucose but produces more neutral end products.
What test differentiates neutral end products? Vogues-Proskauer
A rose color is produced when what reagent is added to differentiate neutral end products? Barritts Reagent
Citrate test shows the bacteria's ability to... utilize citrate as the sole carbon source
Bromthymol blue is used as the pH indicator in what test? Citrate Test
What does TSI agar test do? Differentiates among different enterobacteriaceae and other intestinal bacilli.
Enterobacteriaceae are what kind of bacilli? rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria. eg. E. coli, Salmonella, etc.
What is metabolism? Sum of all metabolic reactions or activities
Another name for enzymes? Catalysts
Any substance that speeds up the reaction to form a product without a change is a what? Catalyst
Catabolism is the ______ of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. Breakdown
Anabolism is the ______ of complex organic compounds from simpler ones. Building
Which form of metabolism is enzyme regulated that requires energy? Anabolism
Which enzyme is the only enzyme that doesn't end in the suffix -ase? Ribozyme (RNA)
What is reaction rate? The frequency of chemical collisions to bring about a reaction at or above the activation level.
How do enzymes catalyze a reaction? Enzymes acts on substrates to catalyze a reaction.
Enzyme-substrate complex temporarily binds _______ and _______ and makes the reaction quicker. Enzymes;reactants
What is an apoenzyme? Protein portion of enzyme.
What is a cofactor? Nonprotein component of enzyme.
What is the organic cofactor molecule? Coenzyme
Where does the substrate combine to an enzyme conduct a reaction? Active Site
What is competitive inhibition? Inhibitor binds to active site of enzyme which prevents binding of substrate.
How can competitive inhibition be reversible? By adding more substrates.
Allosteric (noncompetitive) inhibition changes the active site shape by what? Noncompetitive inhibition binds to the allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site.
Is allosteric inhiibition reversible or irreversible? It is irreversible with some exceptions.
How do metabolic pathways help organisms? Metabolic pathways form products through the use of different route using anabolism or catabolism. If a pathway has a defect then the product can still be made using a detour.
Why does overproduction of a product cause a problem? Its feedback inhibition. The end product acts an allosteric inhibitor and binds to the first enzyme. The first enzyme therefore cannot bind to the first substrate and the pathway stops.
Oxidation Reduction Reaction involves the ______ and ______ of electrons between molecules. giving;receiving
When a molecule is giving the electron, it is _______. oxidized
When a molecule is receivng the electron, it is _______. reduced
The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is ______. molecular
Which metabolic process is it when the final electron is an organic compund? Fermentation
What is anaerobic respiration? The final electron acceptor is an inorganic composition.
What are E. coli and E. aerogenes? They are coliforms, gram negative, small rods, and mixed acid fermenters
What is pyruvic acid? It is the end product of glucose metabolism which forms from the build up of lactic acid.
What three sugars are involved in the carbohydrate test? Glucose (dextrose), sucrose, and lactose
Can a gas be produced by itself as a result of fermentation? No. There can only be an acid by itself or an acid accompanied by gas trapped in the Durham tube.
What kind of milk is used in the Litmus Milk test? Skim Milk
State the purpose of the litmus milk test. To identify bacteria that can use one to all three of the nutrients in the milk.
What are three nutrients that can be fermented in the milk? Carb, Protein, Lipid
Name the different reactions that can happen in the Litmus Milk Test? Acid formation, alkaline reaction, proteolysis (breakdown of proteins), soft/hard curd, and gas
Selective media is used to differentiate what kind of bacteria? Gram positive or Gram negative
What kind of media differentiates among strains/species? Differential
Which media has special nutrient supplement to promote the growth of organisms? Enriched
The mannitol salt agar test has what pH indicator? phenol red
What is the inhibitor in the mannitol salt agar test? sodium chloride
Staph(halophile) is selective in mannitol agar test, gram positive or negative? Gram positive
Which tests differentiates between lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters? MacConkey Agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar
What are the indicators on a MAC (MacConkey) test? Neutral Red
Which bacteria are lactose fermenters? E. coli and E. aerogenes
How will gram positive be unable to grow on a MAC (MacConkey) test? The inhibitors ctystal violet and bile salts are added to the media.
What bacteria is a non-lactose fermenter? Salmonella. Will turn a whitish color in MAC.
What is the inhibitor of the EMB test? Methylene Blue
When S. aureus and E. coli are added to the 7.5% sodium chloride agar, which will thrive? S. aureus. It belongs to the genus Staphylococcus which are halophilic and will grow.
What is the indicator and inhibitor of bacteria in the blood agar? RBC (hemoglobin)
A clear zone surrounding the colonies of bacteria in blood agar is what kind of hemolytic activity? Beta hemolysis. Organism completely destroys the hemoglobin.
What is gamma hemolysis? No lysis of RBC results in no significant change in the surrounding media.
How does a greenish halo surround the bacteria growth in a blood agar media? Incomplete lysis of hemoglobin in alpha hemolysis.
What is Streptococci when referring to oxygen requirements? Aerotolerant.
What is the purpose of the TSI test? To determine whether bacteria can use glucose preferentially.
What carbohydrates are present in the TSI agar? Glucose, lactose, sucrose
What does an alkaline slant and an acid butt indicate? (TSI) It indicates that only glucose has been fermented.
A yellow slant and yellow are indicators of what? An acid reaction has occurred in both slant and butt. Also lactose and/or sucrose has been fermented.
When no fermentation has occurred, how should the media appear? An alkaline slant and alkaline butt should be both be red or orange-red.
What are aerobes? They require oxygen for growth and reproduction.
An example of an anaerobe. Clostridium spp., bacillus
What kind of bacteria requires carbon dioxide for growth and reproduction? Anaerobes
Which does falcutative anaerobes use? Oxygen or carbon dioxide? They use both but more of the oxygen.
Coliforms are an example of what oxygen requirements? Facultative anaerobes
Aerotolerant bacteria ignore oxygen but only use carbon dioxide. TRUE/FALSE True
An example of aerotolerant bacteria. Strep
What are microaerophiles? They require a lesser percentage of oxygen for growth and reproduction.
Helicobacter pylon is an example of what oxygen requirement? Microaerophiles
How many ATP are used in glycolysis? 2
How many ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation? 4
How many net ATP is accounted for at the end of glycolysis? 2
How many NAD is reduced during glycolysis? 2
What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of molecular oxygen in the cell? Fermentation
What are the final end products of glycolysis? 2 Pyruvic acids
Where do pyruvate go from glycolysis if oxygen is available in the cell? Kreb's Cycle
How many NAD is reduced in the transition step involving CoA? 6
Where does Kreb's cycle take place in the humans? In bacteria? Mitochondria, Cytoplasm
How many NAD is reduced during the two cycles of Kreb's? 6
How many FAD is reduced in the two cycle of Krebs? 2
How many ATP is generated by substrate level phosphorylation in the two cycles of Krebs? 2
Why is Krebs Cycle called amphibolic? Catabolic, anabolic
How is the ATP formed at the end of the Krebs Cycle? guanosine Diphosphate binds to an inorganic Phosphate which makes GTP. the phosphate molecule then binds to ADP to make ATP
Where do electron transport system take place in bacteria? In the cristae of mitochondria
What is the function of cytochromes? they carry electrons across the cristae
What is meant by chemiosmosmis? Movement of hydrogen ions.
What does oxidative phosphorylation means? Means that
Created by: 583098857
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