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Bio Ch36
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Indeterminate growth | Plants grow continuously throughout their lives. |
| Photosynthesis requires: | Large amounts of light and carbon dioxide and a small amount of water as an electron source. |
| Water needed to: | Fill cells and maintain them at their normal volume and pressure. |
| Molecules needed to synthesize macromolecules: | Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,magnesium, and others. (Most exist as ions dissolved in water). |
| Root system: | Below ground portion that anchors plant and takes in water and nutrients from soil. |
| Shoot system: | Above ground portion that harvests light and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce sugars.Connected by vascular tissue |
| Taproot | Vertical roots |
| Lateral roots | Horizontal Roots |
| What does the root system do? | Conducts water and selected ions to the shoot and stores material produced in shoot for later use. |
| Roots: Morphological | Natural selection has favored structures that minimize competition for water and nutrients. |
| Perennial | Roots preserved even if fire destroys above ground portion. |
| Phenotypic Plasticity | Changes in form due to environmental conditions. |
| Modified roots | Roots modified for functions other thatn absorbing nutrients from soil. |
| Adventitious roots | Develop from shoot system instead of root system. |
| Pneumatophores | Roots that function is gas exchange |
| Contractile roots | Pull organism deeper into the soil. |
| Nodes | Where leaves attach |
| Internodes | Segments between nodes |
| Leaf | Appendage that projects from stem laterally. Photosynthetic organ. |
| Axillary buds | Nodes where leaves attach to the stem |
| Branch | Lateral extension of the shoot |
| Morphological: Shoot | Size and shape vary among species |
| Phenotypic plasticity | Size and shape vary based on growing conditions. Shoot grows in the direction that maximizes chances of capturing light. |
| Modified shoot | Not all stems grow vertically acquire co2 and photons. |
| Petiole | The stalk that joins a leaf to a stem; leafstalk. |
| Morphological leaves: Leaves may vary in size and shape | May be compound (divided into a series of leaflets), doubly compound (where leaflets are divided again. Arrangement of leaves on stem may also vary. |
| Apical Meristem | Located at the tip of each root and shoot. Allows plant body to expand outwards. |
| Protoderm | Giver rise to dermal tissue. Single layer of cells that covers and protects plant body. |
| Ground meristem | Gives rise to ground tissue system which makes bulk of plant and is responsible for photosynthesis and storage. |
| Procambium | Gives rise to vascular tissue system which provides support, transports water, nutrients, and photosynthetic product between root and shoot. |
| Primary growth | Cells that are derived from apical meristems form the primary plant body. |
| Root cap | Protects root apical meristem. RAM constantly replaces cells lost by root cap. |
| Populations of cells behind root cap: | Zone of cellular division, Zone of cellular elongation, zone of cellular maturation. |
| Zone of cellular division | contains the apical meristem , where active cell division occurs, protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium. |
| Zone of cellular elongation | comprised of cell that are actively increasing in length. |
| Zone of cellular maturation | Where older cells complete their differentiation into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. |
| Root hairs | Tiny outgrowths of the root composed of epidermal tissue increases surface area for efficient absorption of water and nutrients. |
| Pith | Ground tissue inside the vascular bundles. |
| Cortex | Tissue outside the vascular bundles. |
| Eudicots | vascular bundles arranged in a ring around the stem’s perimeter |
| Monocots | Vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. |
| Plasmodesmata | Narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them. |
| Cuticle | Waxy layer that covers shoot system, protects leaves (from viruses, bacteria, spores), and prevents water loss. |
| Pathogens | disease-causing agents. |
| Stomata | Allows carbon dioxide to enter photosynthetically active tissue. |
| Stomata consists of: | a pore, and two guard cells which change shape to open or close pore. |
| Trichomes | protective, hair-like appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells |
| Possible functions of trichomes: | Keep leaf surface cool by reflecting sunlight. Reduce water loss by forming dense mat that limits transpiration. Provide barbs or store toxic compounds that thwart herbivores. Trap and digest insects. |
| Parenchyma | Thin primary cell wall. Most abundant and versatile plant cell. Primary site of photosynthesis in leaves Store starch in roots. |
| Totipotent | Being able to divide and develop into a complete mature plant. |
| Callus | Mass of undifferentiated cells. |
| Collynchema is abundant in | Elongated stems and petioles of leaves |
| Scerenchyma cell | Support cells that produce a thick secondary wall in addition to the thin primary cell wall. |
| Lignin | A complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody. Does not allow plants to expand |
| Two types of sclerenchyma cells | Fibers: support Sclereids: protection |
| Xylem | Conducts water and dissolved ions from root to shoot. Dead at maturity. |
| Phloem | Conducts sugars, amino acids, chemical signals and other substances throughout the plant body. |
| Tracheids | Water conducting cells in xylem |
| Sieve tube members | Long, thin cells that lack nuclei, chloroplasts, and most other major organelles |
| Sieve plate | Perforated ends responsible for transporting sugar and other nutrients. |
| Companion cells | Assist with the loading and unloading of nutrients from sieve tube members. |
| Secondary growth | Increase in the width of the plant. Increases structural support required for primary growth. |
| Lateral meristem | Increase width of roots and shoots. |
| Vascular cambium | Generates new layers of cells to both inside and outside. |
| Cork cambium | Produces cells primarily to the outside. |
| Phloem forms | Bark |
| Xylem forms | Wood |
| Bark prevents | water loss and protects from pathogens and herbivores. Gas exchange occurs through lenticels. |
| Inner xylem | Heartwood |
| Lightwer outer xylem | Sapwood |
Created by:
grijalvard
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