Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Developmental Bio
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolutionary Biology | Seeks the understanding of how organisms evolve over time |
| How many cells in human body? | 210 different types of cells (10-75 trillion cells in body) |
| Gametogenesis | production of gametes in germ cells via meiosis (1N gametes) It is an orderly program of changes in cell shape and form. Activation of certain sets of genes and suppression of others (in animals, gametes are produced in gonads) |
| non-equivalent cell division | the reason why a single cell can give rise to a creature composed of several different specialized cell types, yet all having same genes. |
| Progeny | two cells that have the same genes, but are not exactly the same |
| Cell Communication | needed to coordinate development process |
| Diploid | chromosome number is 2N (46 chromosomes) |
| Haploid | chromosome number is 1N (23 chromosomes) |
| Meiosis | involves 2 divisions and reduces chromosome number (produces gametes) Starting with a single germ cell, 4 gametes are produced |
| Diplontic Life Cycle | Life cycle where the dominant life cycle is diploid (humans). The only haploid life cycle within these organisms is within the gametes |
| Diplohaplontic Life Cycle | alternating generations between both multicellular phases of haploid and diploid (mosses and ferns) |
| Haplontic Life Cycle | Haploid phase dominates life cycle, mitosis actually results in the production of gametes. The single-celled zygote production is the only time these organisms go through the diploid phase. |
| Cell Division is responsible for: | 1) Development and Specialization: lots of differentiation must occur, non-equivalent cell division occurs here 2) Growth: don't want differentiation 3) Maintenance: replace old cells with new ones |
| Mitosis | division of nuclear material |
| Cytokinesis: | division of the cytoplasm, often referred to as cleavage in animals. Begins with formation of cleavage furrow |
| Cell cycle | period of time from 1 division until the next. Divided into two general phases (M Phase and Interphase) |
| Interphase | further subdivided into 3 parts: S Phase (DNA synthesis/replication), G1 Phase, and G2 Phase |
| Ligands | Organic Molecule involved in signaling |
| Cell Signaling Connections | In plants: plasmodesmata in animals: tight junctions, desmosomes (not direct connections), gap junctions (direct channels from cell-to-cell) |
| Endocrine | hormonal signaling |
| Paracrine | one cell to many cells |
| Neuronal | neuron signaling in nervous system |
| Contact-Dependent | one cell to one cell |
| 3 Stages of cell signaling | Reception, transduction, response |
| Reception | certain proteins in the target cell receive their signals (one protein, one signal) Target cell detects ligand when ligand binds to receptor protein |
| Transduction | receptor protein change with binding of ligand, initiates transduction, often a sequence of steps |
| Response | transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response |
| Dogma of modern biology | each cell generated by mitosis has same chromosomes (two homologs of each kind) and each chromosome has same genes and regulatory regions |
| Gene Regulation | why some cells develop into different tissues |
| Asymmetric Division | sister cells are born different |
| Symmetric Division | sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after their birth |
| Cell Lineage | the developmental pathway and fate of cells |
| Position | where one cell is relative to another |
| Early embryogenesis | including cleavage |
| later embryogenesis | cell proliferation within developmental tissues |
| Patterning | Establish positional identities within embryo |
| Morphogenesis | change in form, gastrulaton, formation of 3 germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm) that define tissue layers |
| Cell Differentiation | cells become structurally and functionally distinct. Takes place later in development. |
| Proteins | Genes are expressed through genes |
| Cell Activities: | expressed through proteins |
| Developmental Processes | regulated by cell activities |
| Transcription | RNA |
| Post-transcription | mRNA |
| Translation | Polypeptide |
| Post-translation | Active molecule |
| Apoptosis | program cell death, certain periods of development have cell death, not all completely growth |
| Blastula | A hollow ball of cells that turns into a gastrula |
| Gastrula | several layers (germ layers) of cells filling in the blastula |
| Oogenesis | Development of the egg, growth and development of oogonia to produce mature egg |
| Spermatogenesis | maturing of sperm |
| Oogonia | germ cell within the ovary |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to highly differentiated progeny and reproducing via meiosis. |
| Oocyte | the oogonium (oogonia) grows into this |
| 1st Meiotic Division results in | secondary oocyte + 1 polar body |
| 2nd Meiotic Division results in | Ootid + 1 polar body |
| Follicle | germ cell + 1 or more layers of "nurse" or follicle cells |
| Nurse cells | give the germ cells nutrients to support life |
| Primary Oocytes | primary follicles |
| Secondary follicles | develop as oocytes continue to grow |
| Antrum | spaces between follicle cells |
| Graafian Follicle | from this the egg ovulates, contains lots of liquor called folliculi |
| Corpus luteum | the endocrine organ that secretes horomes (progesterone and estrogen) If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum is replaced by scar tissue |
| Testis | male gonads |
| sperm | primordial germ cell |
| Seminiferous tubules | where the sperm is held |
| spermatogonia | the process in which the germ cells undergo mitosis |
| Primary Spermatocytes | the germ cells that enter meiotic pathway |
| Spermatogenic cells (spermatocytes) | the cells between the seminiferous tubules |
| Spermatogonia | germs cells going through mitosis |
| 1st Mitotic Division of Sperm results in: | 2 equal sized secondary spermatocytes |
| Spermatid | the secondary spermatocyte |
| Spermatozoon | internal reorganization of spermatid, develops into mature sperm |
| spermiogenesis | the transition process from spermatid to spermatozoon |
| 3 Parts of sperm | Head, midpiece, tail |
| Zygote | sperm + egg |
| Syngamy | fusion of two haploid nuclei from sperm and egg |
| acrosomal filament | specific receptor on egg surface (proteins in tip of sperm are recognition proteins) |
| Fate Map | Eventual path of cells |
| Blastulation | blastula structure, and subsequent development, we start to see major differences that begins to define the uniqueness of major groups. |
| Gastrulation | development of germ layers in early embryo, initial stages of morphogenesis and organogenesis, significant cell and tissue movement begins. Patterns begin to become distinct. |
| Cleavage cells | blastomeres |
| Morula | cleavage embryo (early embryo made of many blastomeres) |
| synchronized | cells all develop in order |
| asynchronized | cells are at many different stages |
| Vegetal Side | Yolk-rich side |
| Animal Side | Opposite side of yolk-rich side (usually houses the nucleus) |
| Microlecithal Eggs | Little yolk within egg, often isolecithal |
| Isolecithal | uniformly distributed yolk (all microlecithal eggs are isolecithal, not all isolecithal are microlecithal) |
| Mesolecithal eggs | moderate yolk, moderate size (usually telolecithal, but can still be isolecithal) |
| Telolecithal | asymmetrical distribution of yolk |
| Megalecithal eggs | lots of yolk, large eggs, usually telolecithal, can be centrolecithal |
| Centrolecithal | yolk in center, moslty megalecithal eggs |
| Holoblastic Cleavage | complete cleavage |
| Meroblastic Cleavage | incomplete cleavage, usually due to amount of yolk and size of egg |
| Radial Cleavage | Blastomeres radially symmetrical. Early cleavage spindles in embryo vertical (perfectly symmetrical, orderly) |
| Spiral Cleavage | plane of cleavage shifts, arrangement of mitotic spindles determines plane of cleavage. Mitotic spindles are arranged obliquely rather than vertically. Each blastomere of upper tier lies over junction of two bottom blastomeres. |
| Dextral | Clockwise |
| Sinistral | counter clockwise |
| Bilateral cleavage | bilateral symmetry, some cleave to give rise to bilaterally symmetrical blastula, distinct left and right. |
| Rotational Cleavage | happens in mammals, mitotic axes during 2nd cleavage perpendicular to one another rather than parallel. |
| Superficial Cleavage | cell is multinucleated but not multicellular. Cleaved nuclei migrate to peripheral, activate cytoplasm of egg. Results in syncytium |
| Discoidal Cleavage | little section called blastodisc is where the entire development of the embryo takes place. (little dude with hair) |
| Polar Lobe Formation | protrusion close to vegetal pole, prior to 1st division. Associated with only one daughter cell, segregation of part of cytoplasm into 1 blastomere. Differential distribution of cytoplasm |
| What is accomplished during cleavage? | Build a multicellular embryo |
| When does cleavage end? | Blastulation (start of RNA synthesis, finally beginning to use own genome instead of moms) |
| Blastocoele | the cavity within a blastula |
| Deuterostomes | Blastula is a hollow ball of cells |
| Protostomes | blastula is solid |
| 3 Primary germ layers | Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm |
| Ectoderm | skeletal system and part of nervous system |
| Mesoderm | organ systems |
| Endoderm | Digestive tract and some digestive organs |
| Archenteron | the "punch hole" in the gastrula which becomes the primitive gut of the organism |
| Invagination | sheet of cells (epithelial cells) bends inward |
| Ingression | individual cells leave an epithelial sheet and become freely migrating |
| Mesenchyme cells | Undifferentiated, mobile cells derived from germ layers that leave epithelial sheet during ingression |
| Involution | epithelial sheet rolls inward to form an underlying layer (folds and bends to form multiple layers) |
| Epiboly | sheet of cells spreads by thinning (only finite amount of cells, must be spread out to cover everything) |
| Intercalation | row of cells move between one another, creating array of cells that are longer but thinner |
| Convergent extension | row of cells intercalate, but intercalation highly directional |
| Phylotypic Stage | Stage at which members of animal group, not necessarily whole phylum, show maximum similarity to each other |
| Vertebrates all have... | notocord, neural tube, paired somites, tailbud, brachial arches |
| Fruit Flies | only protostome we will study (drosophilia melanogaster) genetics are very well understood micromanipulations difficult short life cycle, rapid development |
| Eumetazoans | true tissues |
| Bilateria | bilateral symmetry |
| coelomates | body cavity derived from mesoderm tissue |
| Ring canals | cytoplamsic bridges connecting products of early mitotic divisions (divisions from the germ cell) |
| Germ line cells | Oocyte + nurse cell |
| Somatic cells | follicle cells form gonads |
| Syncytium | embryo with all nuclei in common cytoplasm |
| Segmentation | adult body plan arranged as segments: Head, thorax, and abdomen |
| Parasegments | segmentation in thorax and abdomen that do not go through the entire body |
| Morphogens | a molecule, usually a protein, found in gradients within cells or organisms, indirectly regulate other developmental processes |
| Bicoid | Anterior, defines head |
| Nanos | Posterior, defines anus |
| Gap Genes | embryonic genes, affect later stages in development, regulated by maternal effect genes |
| Pair-rule genes | initiates early pattern, early segmentation |
| Segment polarity genes | clearly defining segments, top and bottom is shown |
| Homeotic (selector) genes | found in homeo boxes, a common sequence on chunks of DNA, regulate different aspects of development |
| Regulatory 'Cascade' | essentially "building" n embryo |
Created by:
stevanie
Popular Biology sets