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Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Upper respiratory tract | nose, pharynx, larynx,vocal cords, |
| Lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, and alveoli |
| Nose | opens at nostrils & leads into nasal cavities |
| hair and mucus in the nose filters ___ | the air |
| Pharynx | funnel shaped cavity called the "throat" |
| 3 portions of pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Larynx | triangular cartilaginous structure that passes air between pharynx and trachea; called voice box |
| Vocal cords | made of mucosal folds with an opening in middle called glottis |
| Trachea | tube called windpipe connects larynx with the bronchi; made of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and cartilaginous rings |
| Bronchial tree | starts with two main bronchi that lead from trachea into lungs |
| Lungs | made of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli; right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2 lobes that divide into lobules |
| pleura | membranes that are enclosed in lungs |
| Alveoli | 300 million in lungs; enveloped by blood capillaries |
| Two phases of breathing and ventilation | inspiration and expiration |
| inspiration | active process of inhalation that brings air into lungs |
| expiration | usually a passive process of exhalation that expels air from lungs |
| Tidal volume | small amount of air that usually moves in and out with each breath |
| Vital capacity | the maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved out during one breath |
| inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume | the increased volume of air moving in or out of the body |
| residual volume | the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation |
| Nervous control | respiratory control center in the brain sends out nerve impulses to contract muscle for inspiration |
| Chemical control | 2 sets of chemoreceptors sense the drop in pH; sensitive to carbon dioxide levels |
| External respiration | H+ + HCO3- = H2O + CO2 - C02 transport Hb + O2 = HbO2 - oxygen transport |
| Internal respiration | HbO2 = Hb + O2 -oxyhemoglobin gives up O2 CO2 + H2O = H2CO2 = H3 + HCO3- - O2 is carried as bicarbonate ion |
| URT infections - Sinusitis | blockage of sinuses |
| URT infections- Otitis media | infection of the middle ear |
| URT infections- Tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils |
| URT inffections- Laryngitis | infection of the larynx that leads to loss of voice |
| LRT infections- Pneumonia | infection of the lungs with thick, fluid build up |
| LRT inections- Tuberculosis | bacterial infection that leads to tubercles(capsules) |
| LRT infections- Pulmonary fibrosis | lungs lose elasticity because fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs usually because of inhaled particles |
| LRT infections- Emphysema | chronic, incurable disorder in which alveoli are damaged and thus the surface area for gas exchange is reduced |
| LRT infections- Asthma | bronchial tree becomes irritated causing breathlessness, wheezing, and coughing |
| LRT infections- Lung cancer | uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking and can lead to death |
Created by:
kenzie23
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