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exam 14 phase II M6
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| failure of normal process of cell generation and development | aplasia |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | acquired hemorrhage syndrome of clotting,cascade overstimulation, and anti-clotting processes |
| erythrocytosis | abn increase in number of RBCs |
| heterozygous | two different genes |
| homozygous | two identical genes inherited from each parent |
| leukemia | excess leukocytes in bone marrow and lymph nodes |
| lymphangitis | inflammation of lymphatic vessels |
| lymphedema | accumulation of lymph fluid in tissue |
| multiple myeloma | malignany neoplastic immunodeficiency disease of bone marrow |
| myeoproliferative | excessive bone marrow production |
| pancytopenic | deficient RBC,WBC, and platelets from reduced or absent bone marrow |
| pernicious | deadly fatal |
| Reed Sternberg Cell | large abn multinucleated cells in lymphatic system-associated with Hodgkins |
| Granulocytes | neutrophils-basophils-eosinophils |
| neutrophils | 70% of WBCs-react to any invasion |
| basophils | key in inflammatory response |
| eosinophils | allergic response |
| Agranulocytes | monocytes-macrophages-lymphocytes |
| monocytes | similar to neutrophils |
| macrophages | mature monocytes that live in tissues |
| lymphocytes | T Cells(killer cells) and B Cells(antibody) |
| lymph tissues | lymph nodes-tonsils-spleen-thymus |
| tonsils | trap bacteria-produces antibodies and lymphocytes |
| lymph nodes | filters lymph fluid-produce lymphocytes |
| spleen | reservoir of blood(500ml)-matures lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma B cells-destroys old RBCs-produces RBCs before birth |
| thymus | develops immune system in utero and post birth-matures T Cells-atrophies at puberty |
| CBC | includes RBC,WBC,hematocrit,hemoglobin,RBC indices,differential |
| Red Cell Indices | MCV,MCH,MCHC |
| MCV | mean corpuscular volume-volume/size of single RBC |
| MCH | mean corpuscular hemoglobin-weight of hemoglobin within RBC |
| MCHC | mean coupuscular hemoglobin concentration-avg percentage of hemoglobin in RBC |
| differential | count of leukocytes-# and % of SBC types |
| Schilling Test and Megaloblastic Anemia Profile | measures Vitamin B12-Normal 8% to 40% of radioactive vitamin B12 excreted within 24 hours |
| Gastric Analysis | evaluates intrinsic factor |
| lymphangiography | radiologic exam to detect metastatic of lymph nodes-check renal function and allergies(iodine) |
| anemia definition | reduction in RBCs, deficiency in hemoglobin and hematocrit, or an increased destruction in RBCs |
| Manifestations of Anemia | anorexia-cardiac dilation-disorientation-fatigue-insomnia-SOB-tachycardia-vertigo |
| Diagnostic tests for Anemia | CBC-iron-reticulocyte-bone marrow biopsy-peripheral blood smears-vitamin B12 levels-Schillings test |
| Hypovolemic Anemia | Anemia due to hemorrhage. S/SX=weakness,stupor,pale,cool,moist. STOP BLEEDING |
| Pernicious Anemia | Autoimmune disorder resulting from destruction of parietal cells and eventual gastric mucosa atrophy.Decreased intrinsic factor=less B12 absorption |
| Aplastic Anemia | failure of normal process of generation and growth. Usually pancytopenic |
| Iron deficiency Anemia | RBCs contain decreased levels of hemoglobin. Pallor-Glossitis-S/Sx similar to that of angina/HF |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | abn crescent RBC contain Hg-S instead of Hg-A. Most common genetic disorder. |
| Sickle Cell(S/Sx) | abd enlargement due to blood pooling in organs-joint/back pain-extremety edema-multisystem failure |
| Polycythemia Vera | myeloproliferative disorder with hyperplasia of bone marrow causing increased circulating erythrocytes,granulocytes, and platelets(overproduction of blood) |
| Secondary Polycythemia | Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietein in kidneys which stimulates erythrocyte production |
| Clinical Manifest. of Polycythemia | Gradual onset-middle aged men-venous distention-epistaxis-petechiae-hepato/splenomegaly |
| Blood products accepted by Jehovah's Witnesses | autologous and volume expanders |
| Agranulocytosis | severe reduction in number of granulocytes(phils) |
| Agranulocytosis Manifestation | fever-chills-headache-fatigue-ulcerations-bronchial pneumonia-UTIs |
| Leukemia | malignant disorder of hematopoietic system in which an excess of leukocytes accumulates in the bone marrow and lymph nodes |
| Leukemia Manifestations | Anemia-thrombocytopenia(petechiae,epistaxis)-leukopenia-enlarged lymph nodes-painless splenomegaly |
| Multiple Myeloma | malignant neoplastic immunodeficiency disease of the bone marrow-Pt susceptible to infection |
| Types of Leukemia | ALL(acute lymphocytic leukemia)-AML(acute mylogenous leukemia)-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL) |
| Four Steps of Hemostasis | 1)vessel spasm-contraction after damage 2)platelet plug-platelets activated 3)clotting cascade-prothrombin converted to thrombin. Thrombin degrades to fibrin. 4)fibrinolysis-t-PA released. Plasmin dissolves clot |
| Coagulopathies | component necessary to control bleeding is missing--thrombocytopenia,hemophilia,DIC |
| Thrombocytopenia | deficiency in number of platelets--melena-hematuria-petechiae-ecchymosis-epistaxis |
| Hemophilia | x linked hereditary trait. decrease in formation of prothrombin. deformed muscles-immoblie joints(anklosed)-hemarthrosis-pain |
| DIC | Overstimulation of clotting/anticlotting processes. bleeding complaints-dyspnea-bone/joint pain-visual changes-occult blood-petechiae-abd tenderness |
| Von Willibrand's Disease | inherited bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally slow coagulation of blood and spontaneous episodes of GI bleeding,epistaxis, and gingival bleeding caused by mild deficiency of factor VIII |
| Lymphangitis | inflammation of lymphatic vessels of channels caused by infection in extremity. Swollen lymph nodes-fine red streaks-septicemia |
| Lymphedema | accumulation of lymph in soft tissue and edema. Pressure in extremeties due to edema-pain |
| Malignant Lymphoma | neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue. unknown cause. painless lymphadenopathy-fever-weight loss-anemia-pruritis |
| Lymphomas Treatment | Cytoxan-Oncovin-Prednisone-Adriamycin-Bleomycin-Methotrexate-Radiation |
| Rituxan | Immunotherapy to eliminate malignant cells and induce remission-cancer cells injected in mice-mice antibodies harvested and cloned-cloned cells administered to Pt-spares normal cells |
| Hodgkins | malignant disorder characterized by painless progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue. Anorexia-weight loss-malaise-pruritis-anemia-abd tenderness-facial edema |
| Hodgkins Stage 1 | abn single lymph nodes |
| Hodgkins Stage 2 | two or more lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm |
| Hodgkins Stage 3 | abn lymph nodes on both sides of diaphragm |
| Hodgkins Stage 4 | diffuse and disseminated involvement of more extralymphatic tissues and/or organs |
| attenuated | process of weakening degree of virulence of disease organism |
| antineoplastics | treatment of solid tumors,lymphomas, and leukemias--Classes:Antitumor-cotricosteroids-Enzyme-enzyme inhibitors-antiestrogens |
| whats faster intrinsic or extrinsic? | extrinsic(5 to 10 sec). Intrinsic(5 to 10min) |
| Desmopressin | synthetic ADH. Used in Von Wildebrands to increase VIII release |
| Hemophilia A | factor VIII absent |
| Hemophilia B(christmas) | Factor IX deficient |
| Test for hamarthrosis | hematocrit and PTT prolonged(partial thromboplastin) |
| DIC | massive overstimulation lof clotting cascade. Need to inhibit fibrinolysis and thrombosis. D-Dimer test for fibrinolysis. |
| platelet plug is example of what kind of feedback? | positive feedback |
| causes of thrombocytopenia | leukemia-apastic anemia-tumors-antibody destruction-infection |
| what organ produces most of the body's coagulation cascade? | Liver |
| platelets <5,000/mm3 | spontaneous bleeding |
| S/SX of Malignant Lymphoma | fever-painless lymphadenopathy-weight loss-anemia-pleural effusion |
| MOPP | meds for hodgkins:Mustargen-Oncovin-procarbazine-prednisone |
| ABVD | meds for hodgkins:Adriamycin-Blenoxane-Velbin-DTIC DOME |
| Cellular Immunity | T cells |
| Humoral Immunity | B cells |
| lymphokine | chemical released by T cells that attract macrophages |
| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma that contains disease causing components |
| proliferation | multiplication/reproduction |
| Immune System Function | protect body-homeostasis-detect abn growths |
| 4 R's | recognize-respond-remember-regulate |
| First line of defense | physical and chemical barriers |
| Second line of defense | specialized cells-thymus-spleen-bone marrow-blood-lymph |
| Where do T cells work? | inside cell |
| Where do B cells work? | outside cell |
| Lupus | systemic inflammation of any body part-butterfly rash-T cells decreased in # and function-Raynauds-Anemia |
| CD4+<200cells/mm3 | HIV |
| Most Common S/SX of HIV | Fever-Adenopathy-Pharyngitis-Rash-Myalgias |
| seroconversion | detectable hiv antibodies in blood |
| kaposis sarcoma | rare cancer of skin characterized by blue/red raised lesions |
| Major infections from HIV | Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia(PCP)-Kaposis |
| Retrovirus | converts RNA to DNA |
| when can HIV infection show up? | antibodies show up in 1-12 weeks-pt can be asymptomatic of show flu like Sx |
Created by:
zachkaemmerer
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