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Patterns In Nature

QuestionAnswer
Historical Developments of Cell Theory Spontaneous Generation theory 1590 - Hans & Zacharias Janssen : Compound microscope 1663 - Robert Hooke : Discovery of cell 1647 - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek : Simple microscope + microorganisms 1801 - Robert Brown : Discovery of nucleus
Historical Developments of Cell Theory 1839 - Scheiden & Schwann : Two statements of Cell Theory proposed. 1855 - Rudolf Virchow : Third statement of Cell Theory
Historical Developments of Cell Theory Cell Theory: - All living things are made up of cells. - Cells are the basic unit of organisms. - Cells come from preexisting cells. 1880 - Walther Flemming : discovered cell division 1933 - Ernst Ruska : Electron microscope
Evidence to Support Cell Theory - Redi disproved Spontaneous Generation theoy. - Flemming's discovery of cell division. - Electron microscopes allow us to see cells in more depth. - Leeuwenhoek saw microorganisms : proves existence of cells in smallest life forms.
Significance of Technological Advancements to Cell Theory and Assess its Impact. As technology developed, so did understanding and knowledge of cell theory. Back up with evidence. The gradual advancements in technology allowed information on cells to be accumulated, tested, modified, corrected and improved.
Cell Organelles Seen with Light / Electron Microscopes Light : Cell wall, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Vacuole & Chloroplasts. Electron : Mitochondria, ER, Golgi Body, Ribosomes & Lysosomes
Cell Organelles - Function & Structure Nucleus - contain genetic material + control center Cytosol - liquid in which all organelles are suspended in. Mitochondria - powerhouse : respiration. Matrix increases SA. Ribosomes - protein factory Lysosomes - digest cellular waste
Cell Organelles - Function & Structure ER - smooth/rough : transport system. Large network of membranes for efficient transport. Golgi Body - sorts & packages protein. Structure is ideal for vesicles to bud of. Cell Membrane - hold contents in. Gate keeper Chloroplasts - photosynthesi
Side note : Eukaryotic Cells & Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic - defined structure and organelles. Prokaryotic - no definite structure and organalles
Major Groups of Substances Found in Living Cells + Uses In Cell Activities *Carbohydrates - provide energy during respiration. e.g. starch & glycogen *Proteins - form important structural part of cell & tissues. Also needed for growth and repair.Made up of amino acids > peptide bonds
Major Groups of Substances Found in Living Cells + Uses In Cell Activities *Lipids - form important part of cell membrane & larger energy storage *Nucleic Acid - responsible for transmitting genetic info. Made up of nucleotides > can form DNA/RNA
Cell Membrane Cells need substances to function > thus substances need to move in/out of cell. Cell membrane > semi permeable > thus there is movement of molecules in and out of cells.
Cell Membrane : Current Model Fluid Mosaic Model proposed by Nicholson & Singer in 1972. Structure : phospolipid bilayer with proteins. Lipid bilayer - hydrophobic tails inwards, hydrophillic heads outwards. Proteins - may be on surface,going all the way through, halfway etc.
Cell Membrane : Current Model Structure may vary depending on cell function. Lipids and some protein can drift/move thus the name fluid mosaic. Substances can diffuse thru normally or thru small transitory openings made by fluid movement or thru carrier molecules eg. amino acid
Diffusion & Osmosis Diffusion - movement of particles from area of higher concentration > lower concentration of particles. Osmosis - movement of water from area of higher concentration > lower concentration. Involves semipermeable membrane.
Side Note *Liquids will always try to equalize concentrations. *Greater concentration gradient/difference > faster diffusion - Hypotonic : lower conc. - Hypertonic : higher conc. - Isotonic : equal conc.
How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Affects Movement of Substances In/Out of Cell Amount of material which CAN be moved in/out of cell > surface area. Amount of materials NEEDED > volume When a cell grows, SA increases more than V, even at the same rate. Thus, larger SA > more efficient movement > can take more than what is ne
Investigation : Identify ff. Substances in tissues - Glucose, Lipids, Proteins, Lignin, Chloride Ions & Starch Lipids - brown paper > translucent Proteins - sodium hydroxide & copper sulfate > purple blue Starch - iodine > bluish black Glucose - benedict's solution + water bath over bunsen >orange
Investigation : Identify ff. Substances in tissues - Glucose, Lipids, Proteins, Lignin, Chloride Ions & Starch Lignin - toluidine > blue green Chloride Ions - silver nitrate > white precipitate
Model of Selectively Permeable Membrane Mixture of flour, rice crispies, choco chips are in a container > represent substances. Poured through strainer > semipermeable membrane. Only flour passes through > thus shows nature of selectively permeable membrane.
Investigation: Difference bet. Osmosis & Diffusion Diffusion - Glucose solution inside dialysis tube. Submerged in water. Over time > Glucose seeps into water outside (tested with test tape).
Investigation: Difference bet. Osmosis & Diffusion Osmosis - Starch solution inside dialysis tube. Submerged in water + iodine solution. > water + iodine seeps into starch (seen by reaction > purple)
Unicellular & Multi-cellular Organisms Unicellular : Diffusion is adequate for requirements. Multi - cellular : Need transport system due to multitude of cells. Has more V than SA.
Structural Relationships : Cell, Tissues, Organs & Organ Systems Cell - basic unit of life. Can differentiate/specialize to carry out diverse functions. Eg. Muscle cells, Mesophyll cells Tissues - group of cells w/ similar structure & function Eg. Muscle tissue, Photosynthetic tissue
Structural Relationships : Cell, Tissues, Organs & Organ Systems Organ - group of tissues working together to carry out specific function Eg. Stomach, Roots Organ System - Group of organs serving a particular function Eg. Digestive system, Transport system
Autotrophs & Heterotroophs Autotrophs - make their own food, most through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs - can't produce own food and have to eat other organisms to obtain nutrients required.
Photosynthesis : Required Materials + Role in Ecosystems Materials : Light, Chlorophyll, Water & Carbon Dioxide Role : *Initial pathway > energy enters all ecosystems *Recycles gases *Allows producers to produce food > producers base of all food webs > thus support all ecosystems.
Photosynthesis : General Word Equation Equation = Carbon dioxide + Water = Glucose
Photosynthesis : Chain of Biochemical Reaction Chain of Reactions (2 stages): 1)Light phase/Photolysis - water is split.Chlorophyll converts light > chemical energy > used for photolysis = H20 > Hydrogen & Oxygen 2)Light Independent Phase - Hydrogen (from prev. reaction) + C02 = Sugars
Created by: Nah-i
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