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Vert bio exam 2 iuk
Vertebrate biology exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protcanthopterygii | Pikes and salmonids, generalized. indiana example lake trout, northern pike |
| Ostariohysi | weberian apparatus-swim bladder connected to bones in inner ear-alarm pheromones-Indiana examples fathead minnow, white sucker |
| Acanthopterygii | Spiny-rayed fish-Largest single group-Pelvic spine present, pelvic radials reduced. Examples yellow perch, mottled sculpin |
| Paracanthopterygii | Mobile jaws, protective spines in medial fins. Examples-trout perch, pirate perch |
| What characters distinguish the osteichthyans from other gnathostome lineages? | • Skeleton consisting of endochondral bone • Presence of gas-filled sac (swim bladder or lung) • Gill slits covered by an operculum |
| What key characters distinguish the sarcopterygians? | -Lobe finned fish – Rays of fins extend from central bone shaft – Muscles within the fin itself control movement |
| What key characters distinguish the actinopterygians? | – Ray finned fish – Rays fan out from bones at the base of the fin – Fins controlled by muscles in body wall |
| early sarcopterygians | Two dorsal fins • Epichordal lobe on heterocercal caudal fin • Fleshy, scaled paired fins with central bony axis • Massive jaw muscles • Unique dentine-like material (cosmine) on scales and skull roof |
| dipnoi | • Lack premaxillary and maxillary bones • Large tooth plates on palate -Anterior of skull roof a mosaic of small bones tightly interconnected • Internal nares present • Dorsal, caudal and anal fins merge into a Single Posterior fin |
| actinistians | Lobular fins (except first dorsal fin) • Lack maxilla -Internal nares absent • Maintained stable body shape • Epicaudaltail • Rostral organ (electroreceptor) • Viviparous • High urea content in body fluids |
| Neocertodus (Australia) | • Largely cartilaginous skeletons – Thick lobular fin – Respires almost exclusively through gills |
| Lepidosiren (S. America) and Protopterus (Africa) | • Largely cartilaginous skeletons – Filamentous appendages – Weakly developed gills (mainly CO2 exchange) – Larvae with external gills (Protopterus) – Estivation (Protopterus) |
| Rhipidistians | * Thought to be the ancestors of tetrapods • E.g., Eusthenopteron – Skull roof and paired fin bones homologous to those of tetrapods |
| Actinopterygii:Early Forms | • Small (5-25 cm) * Single Dorsal Fin • Heterocercal forked tail • Some had muscular bases in pectoral fins • Enamel-like ganoine coating on scales • Rays in fins outnumber supporting radials |
| Polypteriformes | (bichirs and reed fish) – Flag-like dorsal finlets – Fleshy bases to pectoral fins – Well-ossified skeletons – Thick ganoine-coated scales – Ventral lungs – External gills in larvae |
| Acipenseriformes | (sturgeons and paddlefish) • Lack endochondral bone and most of dermal skeleton – Five rows of armor-like scutes in sturgeons. A few scutes near tail in paddlefish • Heterocercal tails |
| Neopterygii | •Fewer bony ray –One ray per radial in dorsal and anal fins –More flexible •Ossified vertebral centra •Reduced dermal armor •Hyostylic jaw suspension •Shortened maxilla freed from other cheek bones – Massive increase in orobranchial chamber semitr |
| Holostei (North America) | -Neopterygii – More ancestral • Maxilla hinged in front, freed from preoperculum • Abbreviated heterocercal or externally symmetrical tail |
| Lepidosteiformes (gars) | -Neopterygii • heterocercal caudal fin • ganoid scales • long snout with many teeth, voracious predators on small fish |
| Amiiformes (bowfin) | -Neopterygii • specialized double jaw joint Involving the symplectic and the lower jaw, as well as the quadrate and articular • Thinner, bone based scales |
| Teleostei | – Homocercal fin with hypurals and epurals (expanded neural spines) – Maxilla is toothless and mobile – Mobile, protrusible premaxilla – Well ossified vertebral centra – Spine ends at caudal peduncle |
| Protcanthopterygii | Euteleosti • Pikes and salmonids • Generalized – Salvelinus namaycush (Lake Trout) – Esox lucius (Northern Pike) |
| Ostariophysi | • Weberian apparatus – Swim bladder connected to bones leading to the inner ear – Sound amplification system • Alarm pheromones – Released from skin when skin damaged – Alerts other fish •(fathead minnow) •(white sucker) •(channel catfish) |
| Paracanthopterygii | -Euteleosti – Mobile jaw – Protective spines in medial fins • Lota lota (burbot) • Percopsis omiscomaycus (trout perch) •(pirate perch) •(northern cavefish) |
| Acanthopterygii (Euteleosti) | – Spiny-rayed fish – Largest single group • Pelvic spine present • Pelvic radials reduced • Perca flavescens (yellow perch) • Cottus bairdii (mottled sculpin) • (largemouth bass) |
| Elpistostegids | • likely sister group to tetrapods • E.g. Panderichthys • More derived • Eyes at top of head, elongate snout, paired frontal bones • loss of dorsal and anal fins, reduced caudal fin • Ventrally‐projecting ribs |
| Tiktaalik | • Derived elpistostegid – Loss of bony operculum – Large, overlapping ribs – Jointed pectoral fin – Distal elements elaborated in the pectoral fin – Well‐developed gills – Poor vertebral ossification – Long body length |
| Acanthostega | Late Devonian • more fish like • Fin like pectoral and pelvic fins, nonbendable elbow • light axial skeleton, large tail fin • Mainly AQUATIC organisms – Evidence for presence of internal gills • More than five toes |
| Ichthyostega | Late Devonian • more terrestrially derived • Robust axial skeleton, small tail fin • bendable elbow, paddle‐like hindlimb • Mainly AQUATIC organisms – Evidence for presence of internal gills • More than five toes |
| Temnospondyli | – Early Carboniferous to early Cretaceous – Large heads, akinetic skulls, fourfingered hands – Possible sister group to Lissamphibia(modern amphibians) • Koolosuchus – early Cretaceous |
| Reptilomorphs (“Anthracosaurs”) | – Early Carboniferous to early Triassic – More terrestrial – Domed, kinetic skulls – Five‐fingered hands – Possible ancestors to amniotes • Diadectes (early Permian) |
| Lepospondyls | – Early Carboniferous to Early Permian – Relationship w/ Temnospondyls and Reptilomorphs unclear • Pantylus – early Permian |
| Rhipidistians | *thought to be ancestors of tetrapods -eustenopteron -Skull roof and paired fin bones homologous to those of tetrapods |
| Osteoglossomorpha | • Specialized jaw features and bite mechanics, elongate anal and dorsal fin (Goldeye) (Mooneye |
| Elopomorpha | • Leptocephalous larvae –(tarpon) –(Bonefish) – (American Eel)* –(goldentail moray) |
| Clupeomorpha | • Herrings, shad and anchovies • Mouth and gills have specialized straining mechanism for plankton feeding -Skipjack herring -alewife |
| Anguilliform | -Form of fish locomotion • high degree of flexion with body bending to > ½ a wavelength |
| Carangiform | -Form of fish locomotion • flexion restricted to the caudal region, less than ½ a wavelength formed with flexion |
| Ostaciiform | -Form of fish locomotion • undulations restricted solely to the caudal fin |
| Fish Locomotion | • Enormous diversity in locomotion among fish • Usually involve undulations of the body axis • Additional fins also used for propulsion – Dorsal propulsion (bowfin, seahorse) – Anal fin (knifefish) – Pectoral (rays, bichirs) |
| Movement through water | • Lift is relatively easy to generate in water compared to air - Drag is much harder to overcome in water than in air |
| –Viscous drag | •friction btw water and body surface •Constant over range of speeds •Affected by surface smoothness •Thin body high viscous drag |
| -Inertial drag | •fish’s displacement of water •Increases with speed •Affected byshape •Thick body high inertial drag •Streamlining reduces inertial drag |
| Plate Tectonics | •top rock(lithosphere)of continents float on under mantle –Convective currents in mantle generated by heat of core •Mantle upwells to top at oceanic ridges/New floor •Lithosphere descends into mantle at subduction zones •Continuous movement of contin |
| Cambrian | • Six major continental blocks • supercontinent • Sea levels high • High atmospheric CO2 • Climate warm – no polar ice caps • First vertebrates |
| Ordovician | • Siberia,Kazakhstania,Baltica north •laurentia equator •Gondwana over southern polar region – glaciated by end • Warm at beginning, cool end • High sea at start, low near end •Massive radiation of vertebrates •Major Extinction event at end gondw |
| Silurian | •Gondwana continued drifting south, but less glaciation – no icecaps by mid • Baltica/Laurentia to form Laurussia • Higher sea levels (drop near end) • Hot temperatures (greenhouse) • Stormy weather • First bony fish appear • First terrestrial plan |
| Devonian | •High tectonic activity •Siberia,Kazakstania,Laurussia closer to one another and Gondwana in the equatorial region •High water levels early glaciation reduce sea end •Radiation gnathostomes •First tetrapods •Mass extinction –anoxia in marine environ |
| Carboniferous | •Pangaea –Laurasia formed by L,B,K – Land bridge Laurasia/ Gondwana •Drop in polar temperatures Cooling throughout the period •Sea rose early,dropped mid •more radiation of gnathostomes /tetrapods •First amniotes -extinction mid with lower sea |
| Permian | • China links Siberia,Paleotethys ocean •Gondwana north Laurasia –Form Tethys Ocean •Cool temp early,warming mid •Dry tere with thermal extremes –Amniotes diversified •Greatest mass extinction –greenhouse effect/volcanic activity,methane release |
| Six major land masses at the beginning of the Cambrian? | – Laurentia (equatorial) – Baltica (far south) – Kazakhstania (south) – Siberia (south) – China (south) – Gondwana (equatorial to polar) |
| Mass Extinctions and possible causes: | – Flood basalt events(mass volcanic activity) – Sea level drops – Impact events – Sustained significant temperature changes •Evolutionarily significant –followed by radiation of survivors to occupy available niches -O,D,P |
Created by:
bfreeman17
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