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Bio 102 - Exam 2
Chapters 42, 44, 46
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Major organ dealing with gas exchange that has contact with the outside world | Lungs |
| Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of their waste products such as CO2 | Gas exchange |
| What is the role of partial pressure and diffusion | Cascade oxygen from air to tissue level |
| Between air and water, which has higher inherent oxygen concentrations | Air |
| How have animals evolved to maximize their ability to acquire oxygen | Gills, tracheal systems, and lungs |
| How does countercurrent exchange work | Blood flows opposite to water and at each point is less saturated with O2 than the oxygen it meets |
| What is the role of diffusion in gills | Blood enters with a low Po2 as water exits with a higher Po2. As blood travels along passage, its Po2 increases as does that of the water just coming in. |
| What types of creatures have tracheal systems | insects |
| does the circulatory system in an insect play a huge role | no |
| How is O2 supplied to the body cells | Gas exchange by diffusion across the moist epithelium that lines the tips of the tracheal branches. |
| What creatures use lungs | organisms with open circulatory systems and vertebrates. This includes most reptiles, all birds and all mammals. |
| What are lungs and how are they divided | Lungs are localized respiratory organs that are typically subdivided into numerous pockets. Gas exchange from the lungs to the rest of the body is facilitated through the circulatory system. |
| Explain tidal volume | The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath. |
| What is vital capacity | The tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation. |
| What is residual volume | The air that remains after a forced exhalation |
| How much can lungs hold compared to the tidal volume | Lungs hold more than the tidal volume because they do not completely empty with each breath. |
| How do humans breathe | Negative pressure breathing by pulling air into the lungs. By lowering the diaphragm, the air pressure in the lungs lowers allowing air to rush in through the nostrils and the mouth. |
| What controls breathing | Breathing control centers located in the medulla oblongata and the pons. The medulla regulated breathing through detecting pH level of the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| What is the role of hemoglobin in circulation | Hemoglobin transports O2 from the lungs or gills and carries it to other parts of the body. |
| What is the Bohr shift | The increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2 due to a low pH |
| The role of CO2 in the Bohr shift | High amounts of CO2 reacts with water in the blood forming carbonic acid which lowers blood pH |
| The role of O2 in the Bohr shift | supports cellular respiration and increases blood pH |
| The role of hemoglobin in the Bohr shift | Low pH increases the hemoglobin's affinity for O2 to be released which can then be used to support more cellular respiration |
| How does CO2 travel in the blood | About 7% is transported as is in the blood plasma. 23% binds to the amino ends of hemoglobin polypeptide chains, and about 70% is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions. (HCO3-) |
| What is the role of diffusion in CO2 transport | The partial pressures in the lungs favor the diffusion of CO2 out of the blood. The CO2 diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli. |
| What is the role of carbonic anhydrase | Contained in the red blood cells, it catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of CO2 and water. |
| Protonephridia | A network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings. Flatworms. |
| Protonephridia | A network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings. Flatworms. |
| Metanephridia | Excretory organs that open internally to the coelom.Earthworms. |
| Metanephridia | Excretory organs that open internally to the coelom.Earthworms. |
| Malpighian Tubules | Insects. tubed organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation. |
| Malpighian Tubules | Insects. tubed organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation. |
| Kidneys | vertebrates. consists of tubules. |
| What is ADH | antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin. ADH allows epithelium in the distal tubules and collecting ducts more permeable to water allowing for more reabsorption of water. This lowers blood osmolarity. |
| What is RAAS | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Uses the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release renin when blood pressure drops. renin interacts with angiotensinogen to make angiotensin 2. This raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles. |
| What is RAAS | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Uses the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release renin when blood pressure drops. renin interacts with angiotensinogen to make angiotensin 2. This raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles. |
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