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Bio Practical 3
last 2 labs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the lens paper and bibulous paper for | Lens paper: to wipe optics Bibulous paper: To blot excess water or stain from slide preps Use only the supplied lens paper, lab tissues and paper towels will irresversibly damage the opticalcomponents |
| What is the voltage control dial for | To set the light intensity to a midpoint setting |
| What is the nosepiece used for | To set the objective lens in its "locked in" position over the condensor lens. Always start with the lowest power objective lens |
| What is the coaxial stage controls for | to center the slide preparation over the observation hole. To move the slide to right or left and forward and back |
| What should the condensor be in | Highest position. Adjusted by turning the height adjustment knob under the stage on left side |
| What do you adjust for individual differences | the interpupillary distance and the oculars |
| How do you bring the specimen into focus | adjust the coarse focus knob (outer larger knob) then the fine focus knob (smaller central knob) To view at higher magnification, rotate nosepeice to next higher |
| When change the objective lens to higher power what must you readjust and how | The focus by turning the fine focus knob ONLY. the microscopes are parfocal, as you change the objective, the image will remain nearly in focus with only minor adjustments necessary |
| How do you adjust for ideal binocular viewing | close the left eye and look through right ocular with right eye. turn fine focus knob until image is sharp. now close right open left. near base of left ocular is dipter ring. rotate gradually until sharp |
| How do adjust light | Voltage control dial or the aperture diaphragm (under stage part of condensor unit) controlled by a lever. Reducing aperture permits greater contrast obtained in viewed specimen. Settings are arbitrary |
| How to calculate magnification | Multiply ocular power by objective power |
| What is field diameter | mount the ruler slide on stage and adjust focus at lowest mag. diameter in mm of visual field. conver mm to um Field diameter at higher mag: Mag1 X FD1 = Mag2 X FD2 |
| Scale/ size of object | basedo n how much of field is taken up by cell or other structure, you can visually est its size in um. |
| Prep wet mount | For live material; maintained in liquid environment. Use dry microscope slide place 2 drops h2o, saline, or culture solution, near center of slide. place specimen in drop. cover with clean cover glass hold it by side edges |
| Why is cover glass put on slowly at 45 degree angle | To force most of the air out from under the cover glass and minimize teh trapped air bubbles. If initial prep didnt have enough liquid use dropper at add liquid at edge of glass |
| To add contrast to cells and tissues | Stains. Simple stains and Vital stains |
| Simple stain | Methylene blue, common positively charge dye that will ding to negatviely charged molecules such as nucleic acids, many proteins, and some polysaccharides. Nonspecific dye usually stain all organelles and sm molecules Sudan black- fat soluble dye; bindfa |
| Vital stain | Stain living cells without killing them, vacuoles made visible bc of their functional tendency to take in watersoluble materials for storage. Neutral red- becomes concentrated in the vacuoles of plant cells Janus green B- vital stain take advtg of funct |
| Cytology | the study of cells. encompass life from single-celled to multi-celled organisms. |
| Compound microscope view | See the shape of the cell and larger organelles, and unique features present in living cells and processes. |
| Clinical use of cytology and histology | Reflect our current health practice. Help diagnose and treat disorders and diseases. Biopsies help identify many growths to the tissues from which they originated. This info allow physicians to devise spec. courses of treatment |
| What are the three shapes | Roung, rod, and spiral |
| Gram stain characteristics | Gram stain positive= purple Gram stain negative= pink |
| Two types of bacteria examined | Anabaena (prep slide) Borrelia burgdorferi (smear) |
| Yogurts suspension shape | round |
| Cyanobacteria about it and shape | "blue green" bacteria. Carry out photosynthesis but lack chloroplasts. Anabaena is multicellular and carry out nitrogen fixation in specialized cells called heterocysts. Shape chain circular moves |
| Demo Lyme disease | Borrelia burgdorferi which causes lyme disease. Detected in blood smear. Spiral, spheres. Looks creepy |
| Protists examined and characteristics of protists | Motility masters. Use cilia, flagella, pseudopodia to move and get food. Amoeba proteus big circ, wit nucleus Stentor (ready slide) cone shape Peranema (well slide) few circles |
| For ready slides start at 4x | once locate organism switch to 10x for closer view. only use these two views for ready slides |
| Fungi characteristics | Some cause disease Other provide antibodies, leavened bread, cheese, wine. Decomposers in ecosystem To obtain food secrete digestive enzymes and absorb the nutritents through the hyphae |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Baking yeast, some show budding (asexual) sprial circles |
| Plantae | have cellwall (mostly cellulose) and large vaculoe. Cell wall provide rigid external barrier around cell memb. but still permits transport of materials in/out cell. Chloroplast typically found in green plants. green due to chlorophyll -photosynthesis site |
| Elodea | plantae. freshwater plant can see nucleus (gray) Cytoplasmic streaming- mvmt of chloroplasts within cytoplasm. L shape squiggles around squares |
| Plasmolyzed onion | lack of chloroplasts. large purple giment filled vacuole. large circles. Exposed to high salt conct = 5% saline (NaCl). Osmosis occurs h20 leave cell to tissue high salt result is plasmolysis-shrinkage of cell mem from cell wall |
| Starch grain potato- reverse plasmolysis | Add excess h20. apply I2KI solution. Dark blue oval structures- starch grains that have reacted with the I2KI (iodine reacts with starch to stain it dark blue. All diamond see nucleus |
| Animalia | No typical animalcell. Simple squamous epithelial. Stain cell with dilute methylene blue to make visible |
| Protein Synthesis | Proteins synthesized in cell's cytoplasm by ribosomes and RNA templates-> process actually begins in cell's nucleus with transcription. DNA in nucleus contains genes, which determine the types of proteins to be produced by that particular cell |
| Since DNA doesnt leave the nucleus | the info contained in the genes muct be rewritten or transcribed to another info carrier in this case RNA. |
| To make specific protein | RNA polymerase attaches to the double-stranded DNA in the region coding for that particular protein. The DNA strans uncoil and separate in this region and mRNA forms a complementary strand of that portion of the DNA template. |
| The 4 nucleotide bases for RNA and DNA | adernine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) thymine (T) but Rna has uracil (U) and sugar is ribose not deoxyribose |
| mRNA and tRNA | mRNA serves as synthesis of proteins tRNA brings amino acid from other molecules to mRNA |
| Transcription, Translation, Replication | Transcription: DNA to mRNA Translation: mRNA to protein Replication: RNA to DNA |
| Exons | Carry the important coding for specific amino acids |
| Introns | carry nonessential info |
| mRNA is spliced | to cut volume of nonessential info, cut before it leaves the nucleus. nonessent. introns are cut out and exon segments are spliced together. Spliced mRNA leaves nucleus and attach to one or more ribosomes in cytoplasm |
| Translation | base sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence |
| Codon | triplet of bases. Represent one speific amino acid. 64 possible codons only 20 AA some amino acids have more than 1 codon. Specific start codons (AUG) and stop (UGA,UAA,UAG) protein synthesis |
| Petri dish and notch | petri dish represents the small and large subunits. The notch between the large and small subunits represent the region where the mRNA is read. |
| Long strip of paper with base coding | represents spliced mRNA |
| Colored lay peices | represent the A and P ninding sites on the ribosome |
| The colored paper clips | represent the tRNAs |
| color-coordinated beads | represent the amino acids |
| The bands on the chromosomes represent | represent coding regions for individual proteins |
| Arrange the chromosomes on to the board to | determine if a disorder is present and which one |
| Gel Electrophoresis | Technique used in molecular biology. Separates proteins or DNA fragments and identify them based on their size (molecular weight or # of base pairs) and electrical charge (positive or negative) |
| What happend when the electrical current is exposed to it | the charge of the molecule will cause it to migrate to the pole of opposite charge. If molecular carries a neg. charge it will migrate toward the positive pole (anode +) if pos will go neg to cathode) If molecule small move fast thru gel if large slow |
| What does the gel serve as | a medium through which the molecules can travel and be easily separated. Used in industry, medicine and forensics. |
| Restriction enzymes | digest the extracted dna to provide fragments of diff sizes. "cut" the DNA sample at very specific base pair sites. digested dna samples are loaded and run on a gel. Since DNA neg. start at neg to go to + end |
| Gel set on light box why? | to visualize the DNA bands in each sample (gel is removed and stained) |
| go just deep enough why | if too deep may puncture the well; if too shallow your sample may float away |
| To destain the gel | add enough 37 degree celsius dH20 to completely cover the gel. Gently rock the staining tray back and forth for about 5 min (to destain) |
| To determine sex by skull | brow ridge- more pronounced in males occipital region- crest sharper in males mandible- usually cleft in males more U-shape in males Vshape in females |
| To determine sex by femur | by length. diameter of femur head. trochanteric oblique length of femur |
| To determine sex by pelvis | in males, the bone slope more sharply and form a funnelshaped interior in females the bones are straighter forming more of a cylinder shapedinterior |
| To determine ancestry by sacrum | measure it without coccyx. measure width and length. -> tell you ancestry/race |
| height of individual | determine by femur length the range of height in cm by formula female: femur length X 2.47 + 54.1 +/- 3.72 male: femur length X 2.32 + 65.53 +/- 3.94 |
| Age at time of death | epihpysis |
| Polytene chromosomes from Drosophila (pink) | strings and all others |
| Human chromosome | small spotted circles and full circles |
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