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Chpt_12_Chromosomes
Vocabulary from Chapter 12 of Holt Modern Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sex chromosomes | Genes that determine the sex of an individual |
| Autosomes | Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual |
| Sex-linked traits | A trait that is coded for by an allele on a sex chromosome |
| Linked genes | Pairs of genes that tend to be inherited together |
| Chromosome map | A diagram that shows the linear order of genes on a chromosome |
| Map unit | The frequency of crossing over between genes of one percent |
| Germ-cell mutations | Mutations that occur in an organism's gametes |
| Somatic-cell mutations | Mutations that take place in an organism's body cells and can therefore affect the organism |
| Lethal mutations | Mutations that cause death, often before birth |
| Deletion | The loss of a piece of a chromosome due to breakage |
| Inversion | A mutation in which a chromosomal segment breaks off, flips around backwards, and reattaches |
| Translocation | A mutation in which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| Point mutation | The substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide |
| Substitution | A mutation in which one nucleotide replaces another |
| Frameshift mutation | The incorrect grouping of codons after a mutation which causes all amino acids downstream of the mutation to change |
| Insertion mutation | A mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene |
| Pedigree | A diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations |
| Carrier | Individuals who have one copy of a recessive disease allele but do not have the disease |
| Genetic disorders | Diseases or disabling conditions that have a genetic basis |
| Polygenic | Characteristics that are influenced by several genes |
| Complex characters | Characters that are influenced strongly both by the environment and by genes |
| Multiple alleles | Genes with three or more alleles |
| Codominance | Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote |
| Incomplete dominance | Heterozygous genotypes display an intermediate phenotype between the homozygotes |
| Sex-influenced traits | Traits that show different phenotypes between two sexes even when they are the same genotype |
| Huntington's disease | An autosomal dominant condition characterized by forgetfulness and irritability |
| Amniocentesis | A technique by which genetic disorders can be identified in a developing fetus by removing some amniotic fluid to analyze fetal cells |
| Chorionic villi sampling | A technique in which physicians remove a sample of the chorionic villi to analyze the genome of a developing fetus |
| Genetic counseling | The process of informing a person or couple about their genetic make up |
| Gene therapy | A technique that places a healthy cop of a gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective |
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SavioScience
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