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Muscles Lecture Exam
Biological Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is origin? | attachment point on the bone that DOESN'T move when a muscle contracts; usually proximal |
| What is insertion? | attachment point on the bone that DOES move; usually distal |
| what is an agonist? | contracts and shortens to CAUSE a bone to move *made up of: prime mover, synergist, and fixator |
| prime mover | does most of the work (agonist) |
| synergist | helps the prime mover (agonist) |
| fixator | holds one bone in place so another muscle can move a different bone, OR move that bone differently |
| Antagonist | relaxes and stretches to ALLOW a bone to move |
| Sternocleidomatoid | Origin: sternum, clavicle Insertion: mastoid process Action: turn head contralaterally, flex head ipsilaterally, flex head forward acting bilaterally. |
| Rhomboid major and minor | Origin: C7-T1(minor), T2-T5 (major) spinous process Insertion: medial border of scapula Action: retract (adduct) scapula |
| Muscles that make up the Rotator Cuff | Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis. |
| Supraspinatus | Origin: supraspinous fossa Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action:abduct humerus, stabilize shoulder |
| Latissimus Dorsi | Origin: T6 spinouses through sacral crest iliac crest Intersection: bicepital groove Action: extend and medially rotate humerus |
| Deltoid | Origin: clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion Insertion: deltoid tuberosity Action: anterior- flex, internally rotate humerus middle-abduct humerus posterior-extend,externally rotate humerus (all 3 work to abduct) |
| What are the four muscles of the abdomen? | External Oblique, Rectus Abdominus, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominis. |
| External Oblique (abdomen) | Origin: ribs 5-12 Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba Action: flex trunk, rotate contralaterally |
| Rectus Abdominis | Origin: pubis Insertion: xiphoid, costal cartilage 5-7 Action: flex trunk, increase intraabdominal pressure *tendinous intersections-prevent "bowstringing" |
| Internal Oblique | Origin: iliac crest, thoracolumnar fascia Insertion: xiphoid,linea alba, ribs 10-12,pubis Action:felx trunk, rotate ipsilaterally |
| Transverse Abdominis | Origin: iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: xiphoid, linea alba, pubis Action: compress abdomen |
| Name the Hamstring muscles | Biceps femoris,Semimembranosus/Semitendinosus. |
| Biceps Femoris (hamstrings) | Origin: long-ischial tuberosity, short-linea aspera Insertion:lateral tibial condyle Action:flex or laterally rotate leg |
| Semimembranosus/semitendinosus | Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion:at or near medial tibial condyle Action: flex and medially roatate leg |
| Name the quadricep muscles | rectus femoris, vastus medialis, Lateralis, Intermedius. |
| Rectus Femoris | Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine *can also flex hip |
| Vastus medialis/ lateralis/ intermedius | Origin: linea aspera Insertion: all 4 insert at the tibial tuberosity Action: all 4 extend the knee |
| Gastrocnemius | Origin: lateral & medial femoral condyles Insertion: calcaneus by means of calcaneal tendon Action: plantarflex foot; flex knee |
| Filament | series of protein molecules that form a thread-like structure. *made of: thin, thick, and elastic |
| Thin filament | made primarily of actin; also contains troponin and tropomyosin *has binding sites for the thick filament to grab onto. |
| Thick filament | made of myosin *grabs and pulls on the thin filament |
| Elastic filament | made of titin |
| Tropomyosin | covers the myosin binding site on the actin molecule |
| Troponin | causes tropomyosin to free itself from the myosin binding site |
| Regulatory proteins | Tropomyosin and Troponin |
| Contractile proteins | Actin and Myosin |
| T-tubule | transmits the nerve impulse to the sarcomere |
| Terminal cistern | a reservoir for fluid full of calcium |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | floods with calcium following a nerve impulse to the terminal cistern |
| what is a motor unit? | a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it is connected to (innervates) |
| The larger the motor unit.... | the fewer of them the muscle will have. (for power and strength) |
| The smaller the motor unit.... | the more of them a muscle has (for fine detailed control |
| average motor unit is | 150 fibers |
| 1 neuron activating 1000 muscle fibers | big motor unit |
| 1 neuron activation 50 muscle fibers | small motor unit |
| recruitment or multiple motor unit summation | they allow you to vary the strength of your muscle--use more if you need more. |
| optimal length-tension relationship | plenty of bare zone, sufficient overlap. |
| Treppe | -therefore, a warm muscle responds with more force than a cold muscle, givin the same intensity of nerve impulse |
| Infraspinatus | Origin:Infraspinatus fodssa Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action:extend, laterally rotate humerus |
| Teres Minor | Origin: lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: adduct, laterally rotate humerus |
| Subscapularis | Origin: subscapular fossa Insertion: lesser tubercle Action: internally rotate humerus |
| Pectoralis Major | Origin: clavicle, sternum, external oblique fascia, costal cartilage 1-6 Insertion: bicepital groove Action: Flex, adduct, medially rotate humerus |
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