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Evolution Review
A comprehensive set.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Darwin’s historic ‘round the world voyage on the HMS Beagle took five years and included stops on several continents and many remote islands. The most famous of these visits was on the archipelago of the _?_ Islands off the coast of _?_. | Galapagos; South America |
| Darwin collected many fossils on his voyage. Many of these resembled extant organisms but were not _?_ to them. This led Darwin to believe that … ? … . | identical; organisms have changed over geologic time |
| The tortoises and finches of the Galapagos varied mostly in _?_ and _?_ , respectively. Darwin hypothesized that populations of these organisms evolved these different structures as adaptations to different _?_. | shells/necks; beaks; food sources |
| What kind of diagrams do evolutionary biolgists use to illustrate the evolutionary history of a group of organisms? | phylogenetic trees |
| What did Darwin’s travels reveal to him about the diversity of extant and extinct species of organisms? | Darwin inferred that the diversity of extant and extinct species was much greater than he had thought. |
| What is evolution? (What verbatim definition does Mr. Davis want you to know?) | Evolution is any change in the genetic make-up (gene pool) of a population over time. |
| Why is evolution referred to as a theory? | Evolution is referred to as a scientific theory because it is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. Well-tested means that there is an abundance of articles in the literature that support it! |
| Which geologists ‘helped’ Darwin understand that the Earth was much older than previously thought and that processes that operated to change the Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present? | Hutton and Lyell |
| Which geologists wrote the book Principles of Geology, read by Darwin during his trip on the Beagle? | Lyell |
| “The processes that operated to change the Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present” states the scientific principle of: | uniformitarianism |
| Which naturalist formulated the hypothesis that organisms can evolve by the process of inheriting acquired traits? | Lamarck |
| Lamarck hypothesized that organisms, through use and disuse of parts, evolved. This mechanism for evolutionary change is called the … ? … and has since been refuted. | inheritance of acquired traits (or characteristics) |
| Geometric graphs look like ... | lines that curve with increasing slope |
| Arithmetic graphs look like ... | a straight line |
| _?_ reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone and that many would die. | Malthus |
| Malthus reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone and that many would die. Darwin extrapolated this idea to all _?_. | All organisms. |
| Competition among organisms is always greatest when the population reaches the … ? … of the environment (maximum number of organisms the environment can support). At this point the “_?_ crunch” occurs. | Carrying Capacity; Malthusian |
| What 19th century naturalist asked Darwin to peer review a paper he had written about evolution? | A.R. Wallace |
| What did Wallaces paper inspire Darwin to do? | Publish The Origin of Species in 1859. |
| The first chapter of Darwin’s Origin was entitled: | Variation Under Domestication |
| The first chapter of The Origin was devoted to the selective breeding of plants and animals by farmers. What is a good synonym for this practice? | artificial selection |
| Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment: | fitness |
| Organisms are more fit when they carry adaptive genes. These genes are translated into structures, behaviors, or physiological mechanisms that help the organism to: | survive and reproduce |
| The three types of adaptations are: | structure; physiological; behavioral |
| The long talons of an Osprey are considered a _?_ adaptation. | structural (morphological or physical) |
| The ability of certain desert plants to photosynthesize in hot arid conditions is considered a _?_ adaptation. | physiological |
| Moths are active only at night decreasing their chances of being caught and eaten by predators during the day. This nocturnal activity is considered a _?_ adaptation. | behavioral |
| 1) organisms within a population vary 2) organisms over-reproduce 3) the better adapted individuals survive and reproduce ... As a result populations evolve. These observations and conclusion summarize Darwin's theory of: | evolution by natural selection |
| What is a good synonym for natural selection? | survival of the fittest |
| Darwin’s concept of natural selection can be summarized in three observations and an unavoidable conclusion. What are these observations and the conclusion drawn from them? | 1) organisms within a population vary 2) organisms over-reproduce 3) the better adapted individuals survive and reproduce ... As a result populations evolve. |
| The principle of descent with modification implies that ALL living organisms share common ancestry – that if you looked back far enough in time, all organisms would have diverged from a common ancestor. This is the principle of: | common descent |
| Darwin included only one figure in The Origin. What was it? | a phylogenetic tree |
| Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. This principle, another proposition put forward by Darwin and part of Evolutionary Theory, is referred to as: | descent with modification |
| Whales evolved from terrestrial ancestors who walked on land with four limbs (tetrapods). What vestigial organ (structure) is still found in many whale species that leads paleontologists to think this? | pelvic bones |
| Darwin and his colleagues noticed that the sizes, shapes, and varieties of organisms preserved in the _?_ record _?_ over time. | fossil; changed |
| What two mammalian groups of organisms do paleontologists have many transitional fossil forms? | horses; whales |
| The front limbs of all vertebrates have similar bones arranged in the same pattern. These structures develop from similar areas of the embryos of these organisms. Because of this the structures are considered _?_. | homologous |
| The wings of birds and the arms of humans are considered: | homologous |
| The wings of birds and the wings of moths are considered: | analogous |
| Structures and organs in many organisms are reduced in size and no longer serve a useful function. These structures or organs are referred to as _?_ organs (or structures). | vestigial |
| Biologists conclude the embryos of all vertebrates closely resemble one another because: | all vertebrates descended from a common ancestor who when through similar embryonic changes. |
| Darwin proposed that all of the finch species that he observed in the Galapagos were descended from a common ancestor, a finch-like pair (or population) of birds that resemble the extant blue-black grassquit from the mainland of: | South America |
| There are many lines of evidence supporting the Theory of Evolution. Which typeof evidence did Darwin not have the technology to collect? | molecular (DNA and protein sequences) |
Created by:
emildavis
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