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micro biology
ch.10-ch13
| Question | Answer | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phylogenetics | -Each species retains some characteristics of its ancestor -Grouping organisms according to common properties implies that a group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor .Anatomy .Fossils .rRNA | Morphological characteristics | Useful for identifying eukaryotes |
| Taxonomy | -The science of classifying organisms -Provides universal names for organisms -Provides a reference for identifying organisms | Differential staining | Gram staining, acid-fast staining |
| Prokaryotic species | A population of cells with similar characteristics Culture: Grown in laboratory media Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone | Biochemical tests | Determines presence of bacterial enzymes |
| Eukaryotic species | A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves | Serology | -Agglutination occurs in a positive sample -Combine known antiserum plus unknown bacterium |
| Animalia | Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic | Identification | Matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of known organisms. -Clinical lab identification |
| Plantae | Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic | ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | -Known antibodies -Unknown type of bacterium -Antibodies linked to enzyme |
| Fungi | Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments | Flow Cytometry | -Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species -Fluorescence of some species -Cells selectively stained with antibody plus fluorescent dye |
| Viral species | Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche | Nucleic Acid Hybridization | -complete hybridization: Identical -partial hybridization: Related -no hybridization: unrelated |
| Classification | Placing organisms in groups of related species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms. | Domain Bacteria | -Proteobacteria:From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume many shapes |
| The Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsia - | Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers -R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever -Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the deadliest tick fever | Alphaproteobacteria: Agrobacterium | Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor |
| The Alphaproteobacteria:Nitrogen-fixing bacteria | -Azospirillum -Rhizobium | The Betaproteobacteria | -Bordetella: B. pertussis -Burkholderia: Cepacia-common in CF patients Cystic fibrosis |
| The Gammaproteobacteria :Pseudomonadales | -Pseudomonas: -Opportunistic pathogens -Metabolically diverse -Polar flagella -Common in CF patients | The Gammaproteobacteria :Legionellales | -Legionairres Disease -L. pneumophilia -30% mortality rate more common in older man |
| The Gammaproteobacteria :Vibrionales | -Vibrio cholerae causes cholera -Still kills a lot in 3rd world countries Through excessive lose of chloride ion | The Epsilonproteobacteria:-Helicobacter -H. pylori | -Helicobacter -H. pylori: Multiple flagella Peptic ulcers Stomach cancer |
| Clostridiales: Clostridium | Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes | Chlamydias: Chlamydia trachomatis | -Trachoma: common form of blindness -STI, urethritis |
| Yeasts | -Unicellular fungi -Fission yeasts divide symmetrically -Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically | Sexual Reproduction: Three phases | -Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–) -Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse -Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores) |
| Ascomycota | Sac fungi | Fungal Diseases (Mycoses): 5 Mycoses | -Systemic mycoses: Deep within body -Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin -Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails -Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts -Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi |
| Lichens | -Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus -Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast | Three Types of Lichens | -Fruticose -Folios -Crustose |
| Rhodophyta | Red algae | Chlorophyta | Green algae |
| Diatoms | -Pectin and silica cell walls -Unicellular -Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls -Store oil -Fossilized diatoms formed oil -Produce domoic acid | Dinoflagellates | -Red Tied -Cellulose in plasma membrane -Unicellular -Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins -Store starch -Some are symbionts in marine animals -Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning |
| Oomycota | -Water molds -Cellulose cell walls -Multicellular -Chemoheterotrophic -Produce zoospores | Archaezoa | Giardia lamblia: Gastrointestinal infection |
| Amoebozoa | Entamoeba: Ammebic=Dysentory- | Euglenozoa | Trypanosoma spp. -Sleeping sickness:African sleepning sickness and affects the brain -Chagas’ disease: -near the Aztecs -destroys heart |
| The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis | The heartworm is a type of filaria, a small thread-like worm | Arthropods as Vectors | -May transmit diseases (vectors) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs) Class: Insecta (6 legs) Lice, fleas, mosquitoes Class: Arachnida (8 legs) Mites and ticks |
| Arthropods as Vectors | -Mechanical transmission -Biological transmission :Microbe multiplies in vector -Definitive host :Microbe’s sexual reproduction in vector | General Characteristics of Viruses | -Obligatory intracellular parasites -Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors |
| Protista | A catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms -Grouped into clades based on rRNA | DNA Chip Technology | Red:gene normal cells Green:mutated gene tumor Yellow: in both cells |
Created by:
jsmiron
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