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The Integument

Anat & Phys Ch. 13

QuestionAnswer
Skin Function reduce water loss; inhibit invasion of microorganisms; protect against abrasive trauma; thermoregulation through perspiration; modifications serve in protection (claws) or though coverings for feet (hooves)
The Integument comprises the skin with its appendages (hair and glands, horns, hooves, claws); largest organ in the body; all components are modifications to the surface epithelium with connective tissue and vascular components
The Skin covering of the outside of the body; mucocutaneous junction marks the junction between the skin and mucous membranes (oral, anal, urogenital, nostrils, eyes); skin is tightly adhered to underlying structures in some location; loosely attached in others
Parts of the skin epidermis is composed of 5 layers; 1) stratum corneum 2) stratum lucidum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum spinosum 5) stratum basale
Stratum Corneum dead cells convereted into protein; keratin=white color; physical barrier to light, heat waves, microorganisms, most chemicals; thickness depends on amount of stimulation of surface by abrasion and weight bearing
Stratum Lucidum consists of transparent flattened cells of little-known physiological importance (one to two cells thick); in the process of dying
Stratum Granulosum consists of two to three layers of flattened cells filled with granules; thought to be active in keratinization, a process in which cells lose their nuclei, becoming more compact and brittle
Stratum Spinosum several rows of prickly cells which are polygonal in shape; prickles are desmosomes (tight junctions); protects body from microorganisms; one of the most important layers for protection
Stratum Basale deepest, most important layer; contains only cells capable of mitotic division; epidermis will generate only as long as this remains intact; sit on a basement membrane; melanin=principal pigment of skin formed by melanocytes
Dermis beneath epidermis (true skin); blood supply; epidermis send fingerlike projections into dermis which interdigitate with dermal papillae; superficial fascia attaches dermis to underlying tissue
Dermis Composed of white collagenous and yellow elastic fibers; blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
Appendages of the skin hair and glands
Hair arise from modification of epidermis=hair follicle; composed of compressed epithelial cells; deeper layers responsible for growth of new cells (dermal papilla); daughter cells move upward, keratinize & form shaft
Multi-unit smooth muscle contraction of arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle) will straighten hair towards 90 degrees
Hair Color cortex gives hair color; type and amount of melanin in cuticle; gray hairs pigment is absent; white hairs lack of pigment and air bubbles in hair shaft
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) stimulates melanocytes to make melanin; found in intermediate lobe of Pituitary
Types of Hairs in Domestic Animals guard hairs-smooth outer coat; wool hairs-undercoat; tactile hairs- sensitive to hair movement (around lips and eyes; thicker and longer than guard hairs)
Types of Glands sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands arise from walls of hair follicles & produce sebum (responsible for lubrication of skin); holocrine; sebum secreted along the hair shaft onto skin surface; open directly onto the skin surface in specialized areas
Holocrine entire cell and its contents are secreted
Specialized Sebaceous Glands marking territories; sheep-orbital pouches, interdigital pouches & inguinal pouches; goat-horn glands, caudal to base of horn especially pungent during breading season; pig-carpal glands
Sweat Glands simple tubular glands found over entire body; function in cooling body; apocrine; glands on hairless areas of nose are noticeable & function to moisten area; NaCl; horse-glands are activated by epinephrine, high protein, nervous horse=sweat profusely
Created by: sbell13
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