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Ch11: DNA, RNA, etc.
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Griffith | Infects mice with different strains of pnemonia causing bacteria; Determines that bacteria can transfer genetic information from parent to offspring; Calls this process "Transformation"; Molecule of inheritance remains unknown. |
| Avery | Adds protein and DNA destroying enzymes to pnemonial bacteria used to infect mice. Mice that had DNA destroyed survived. DNA is the inheritance molecule. |
| Hershey & Chase | By putting a radioactive tracer on bacteriophages, they determine the the molecule of inheritance is DNA, not protein. |
| Chargaff | Measures the amounts of nucleotides in DNA to determine that A = T; C = G. Establishes rules for complementary base pairing. |
| R. Franklin & Wilkins | Use x-ray crystallography to "take pictures" of DNA. Their image leads to discovery that DNA is a double helix. |
| Watson & Crick | Determine the structure of DNA; Double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nucleotide rungs. |
| Beadle & Tatum | By mutating DNA sequences in mold with x-rays, they determine that 1 gene produces 1 polypeptide. (1 gene = 1 polypeptide/enzyme). |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | Double stranded nucleic acid that contains instructions for making proteins; Housed in nucleus; Consist of genes |
| Nucleotide | Monomer unit for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogeneous base. |
| Nitrogenous base | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine(G), and Cytosine (C); and Uracil (U);Ring structures containing Nitrogen. |
| Pyrmidines | Single ringed nitrogen bases; A and G. |
| Purines | Double ringed nitrogen bases; T and C |
| Virus | Nucleic acid inside a protein coat; infects organisms makes makes copies of its own DNA. |
| Bacteriophage | Virus that infects bacteria. |
| Double helix | Structure of DNA; Consists of 2 nucleotide strands connected to one another; "Ladder - like" structure of nucleotide strands in DNA. |
| Antiparallel | Refers to the orientation of sugar-phosphate backbone on the double helix. Sugars-phosphate backbones on complementary strands. Each strand is "upside down" relative to the other. |
| DNA replication | Process of making a copy of DNA for daughter cells in mitiosis and mieosis; S phase of interphase |
| Helicase | Enzyme that unwinds or unzips the DNA helix for replication or transcription. |
| DNA Polymerase | Enzyme that is adds nucleotides to growing strand of DNA during replication. Can only add to the 3' end of sugar. |
| Ligase | Enzyme that fuses lagging strand fragments together during DNA replication |
| Leading Strand | Daughter strand of DNA that gets replicated continuously |
| Lagging Strand | Daughter strand of DNA that gets replicated in fragments (because DNA polymerase can only work in one direction) |
| Semi-conservative | Refers to the nature of DNA replication; Copies of DNA contain one original(parent) strand and one new (daughter) strand. |
| 5'end (of deoxyribose) | end of deoxyribose sugar with the phosphate group and pentose point. |
| 3' end (of deoxyribose) | end of deoxyribose sugar that is the base (bottom) of the pentose. |
| Genotype | Nucleotide sequence of DNA. |
| Phenotype | The expression in traits of DNA's nucleotide sequence. |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of proteins; consists of many amino acids bonded together. |
| RNA (Ribonucleic acid) | Single stranded nucleic acid; Consists of nucleotides made of a 5-Carbon ribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base. |
| Transcription | Process by which DNA sequence is converted into mRNA. |
| RNA Polymerase | Enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing mRNA strand. |
| Introns | Junk DNA; sequences of DNA that do not code for amino acids; removed from mRNA before mRNA leaves nucleus. |
| Exons | Segments of DNA that code for amino acids; "exit" the nucleus in mRNA |
| RNA splicing | Process of removing introns from mRNA before mRNA leaves the nucleus. |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; carries DNA intstruction for making protein from the nucleus to ribosomes |
| Codons | 3-base sequences on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid (GGA, CUA, AAT, etc.) |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; RNA molecules that transport amino acids to the ribosome where they are added to a polypeptide |
| anticodons | Part of a tRNA molecule; consists of 3 nitrogen bases that bind to complimentary bases on mRNA at the ribosome. |
| Translation | Process by which polypeptides are built from mRNA codons at ribosomes. |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA; the ribosome organelle; site of translation. |
| Mutagen | a physical or chemical agent that causes mutation; Ex: X-rays, UV rays, chemotherapy drugs |
| Mutation | Any change in the sequence of DNA nucleotides. |
| Base substitution | A mutation caused by substituting one nitrogen base for another (CAC --> CGC) |
| Base insertion/deletion | "Frameshift" mutation; the insertion or deletion of a base changes the remaining codon sequence. |
Created by:
ramseyclare
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