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4: Immunology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acquired immunity | immune processes that develop after birth |
| active immunization | exposing susceptible individuals to antigens associated with an infectious disease process that do not cause the disease but rather induce an immune response that protects against subsequent infection |
| antibodies | soluble reactive immunoglobulins that circulate in the bloodstream |
| antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity | a hypersensitivity reaction mediated by a sub-population of B-lymphocytes resulting in antigen-specific cell destruction |
| antigen presenting cells (APC's) | phagocytic white blood cells that non-specifically engulf foreign substances and then process and present them to lymphocytes |
| antigenic determinant | a portion of an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response |
| antigens | agents that specifically bind to the immune system but may or may not elicit an immune response |
| B-lymphocytes | antibody-producing white blood cells that develop in the bone marrow and mediate humoral immunity |
| bone marrow | highly vascular connective tissue in the cavities of most bones that is the site where red and white blood cells develop from precursor cells called stem cells |
| carriers | large molecules like proteins that complex with haptens making them immunogenic |
| cellular immunity | cytokine production or cell destruction mediated by T-lymphocytes that is activated when antigen presenting cells (APC's) present processed antigen to the T-lymphocyte receptor(s) |
| chemotaxis | attraction of immune cells to a specific location by a chemical signal |
| class | the subgroup of an immunoglobulin determined by its heavy chain(s) that also defines type of cell receptor(s) that is (are) bound |
| clonal selection theory | theory proposing that diverse populations of lymphocytes capable of reacting to all foreign antigens coupled with selective elimination of clones of immune cells that react to "self" antigens results in a diverse and adaptive system of immunologic defense |
| complement | a family of biologically-active proteins associated with non-specific immune responses that mediate cell destruction and elements of the immune response |
| constant region | the sequences of amino acids on the H and L chains of immunoglobulin molecules that are the same among different antibodies; the constant region of the H chains forms the cell receptor binding portion of an immunoglobulin molecule |
| cytokines | low molecular weight, soluble, antigen-nonspecific glycoproteins produced by a variety of cells that stimulate proliferation, differentiation, and activation of cells of the immune system |
| endogenous antigens | foreign antigens that are processed by and then expressed on the surface of cells that have been invaded by intracellular pathogens such as viruses |
| epitope | an antigenic determinant |
| exogenous antigens | antigens on the surface of foreign cells such as bacteria that are engulfed by APC's, processed, and then presented to helper T cells resulting in the production of cytokines |
| gamma globulin (IgG) | the class of immunoglobulins consisting of a single Ig subunit with gamma heavy chains that is the predominant antibody in the circulation and mediates anamnestic immune reactions, ADCC, complement-mediated cell destruction, and opsonization |
| H chains | heavy polypeptide chains of antibodies that pair with L chains to form a functional immunoglobulin molecule. The constant end binds to an isotype-specific receptor site of T cells at one end and the variable end on the opposite pole of the immunoglobulin |
| haptens | non-immunogenic, low molecular weight substances that bind to antibodies and T-lymphocyte receptors |
| helper T cells | a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that produce cytokines in response to presentation of antigen(s) by APC's |
| humoral immunity | immune response that occurs in body fluids involving antibodies and the B-lymphocytes that produce them |
| immunity | mechanisms used by the body to protect itself from foreign environmental agents such as infectious organisms, toxins, chemicals, and components or products of other living things |
| immunization | the induction of immunity against a specific infectious disease |
| immunogens | agents that contact the immune system eliciting an immune response |
| immunoglobulin A (IgA) | a one or two subunit immunoglobulin that respectively circulates in the blood stream or is present in epithelial cell secretions that agglutinates foreign proteins and cells along mucous membranes |
| immunoglobulin D (IgD) | a one immunoglobulin subunit molecule that defines the antigenic specificity and is a major surface marker on B-lymphocytes |
| immunoglobulin E (IgE) | a single subunit immunoglobulin present in the smallest quantities and with the shortest half life that binds to mast cells and basophils to mediate a variety of hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis |
| immunoglobulins (Igs) | globular proteins that circulate in body fluids and specifically bind to antigens and immunogens |
| inflammation | the body's response to tissue invasion and/or damage |
| innate immunity | immune processes present at birth |
| integrase | an enzyme produced by retroviruses, including HIV, that catalyzes the insertion into the host cell genome of viral DNA that has been transcribed by reverse transcriptase from viral RNA |
| isotype | the immunoglobulin class |
| isotype (class) switching | alteration in the class of antigen-specific antibody produced by a B-lymphocyte mediated by both antigen stimulation and cytokines |
| killer T cells | a subclass of T-lymphocytes that, when activated by endogenous antigens, destroys cells that express those antigens |
| L chains | light polypeptide chains of antibodies that pair with H chains to form the pole of a functional immunoglobulin molecule that specifically binds to antigens and immunogens |
| lymph nodes | tissue composed of cells of the immune system along lymphatic channels that connect to the blood stream where both mature B- and T-lymphocytes destroy foreign substances and infectious agents |
| lymphoid organs | sites where cells of the immune system develop and function |
| lymphokines | cytokines that are exclusively produced by lymphocytes |
| macroglobulin (IgM) | the first class of antibody produced during immune response composed of five immunoglobulin subunits, each with a mu heavy chain, bound together in a pentameric ring |
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | a group of tightly-linked genes on chromosome 6 that define "self" antigens and determine tissue or organ graft compatibility, resulting in acceptance or rejection following transplantation |
| MALT | mucosa-associated lymphocyte tissue such as tonsils and Peyer's patches under the small bowel that serve as secondary lymphoid organs to detect and eliminate foreign antigens coming in contact with mucosal epithelial surfaces |
| MHC restriction | the requirement that immune cells share the same MHC or "self" antigens in order to interact and immunologically respond together |
| mucosal immunity | immune responsiveness mediated at epithelial mucosal surfaces, often involving IgA |
| multiple myeloma | a cancer of B-lymphocytes that causes these cells to produce huge quantities of immunoglobulin fragments |
| opsonization | binding of substances such as antibodies to epitopes on cells that make the cells more susceptible to phagocytosis |
| passive immunization | transfer of protective antibody from an immune to a susceptible individual providing protection from disease for a period of time defined by the duration of antibody persistence |
| perforins | molecules produced by cytotoxic cells that bind to the plasma membrane of target cells creating large channels that alter selective membrane permeability and cause cell death |
| primary lymphoid organs | sites where cells of the immune system develop and mature including the bone marrow and thymus gland |
| reverse transcriptase | an enzyme produced by retroviruses including HIV that synthesizes DNA from templates of viral RNA nucleotide sequences |
| secondary lymphoid organs | sites where mature cells of the immune system encounter, trap, and destroy foreign substances as they invade the body, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT |
| spleen | highly vascular organ consisting of blood sinuses and connective tissue where both mature B- and T-lymphocytes destroy foreign damaging agents and substances |
| thymus gland | a gland in most vertebrate animals in the upper anterior chest or base of the neck where T-cells migrate to mature |
| T-lymphocytes | white blood cells that develop in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus that mediate cellular immunity |
| toxoids | modified, immunogenic but harmless toxins that induce protective immunity from the effects of subsequent toxin exposure |
| vaccination | induction of immune protection by exposing organisms to infectious agents that have been treated to substantially reduce or eliminate their ability to cause damage or disease |
| vaccines | groups of antigens of an infectious agent |
| variable region | the sequences of amino acids on the H and L chains of immunoglobulin molecules that vary among different antibodies; this region forms the antigen-binding portion of the immunoglobulin |
Created by:
kvp
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