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Living organisms maintain a constant balance of two opposing sets of metabolic reactions:1 catabolic pathways - those that break down organic molecules for energy
2 anabolic pathways - those that build up organic molecules to store energy for later use.
Though the overall reactions that these pathways perform are direct opposites, the individual chemical reactions that achieve these overall conversions are quite different.
cellular respiration a chemical pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy in a quickly usable form (ATP).
Cellular respiration can be divided into two basic categories, aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic respiration uses molecular oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor in the reaction pathway.
Anaerobic pathways do not use oxygen as they perform respiration; these include anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy (ATP)
Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy (light) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Aerobic respiration can be divided into 4 stages:1 Glycolysis
2 The formation of acetyl CoA
3 The citric acid cycle
4 Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis It involves the conversion of glucose (C6H12O6) into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of cells. In eukaryotic cells, the remaining steps occur inside the mitochondria.
The formation of acetyl CoA The formation of acetyl CoA involves the conversion of each pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing one CO2 for each pyruvate reactant.
The citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle oxidizes the remaining carbon atoms of each acetyl-CoA to CO2.
Oxidative phosphorylation NADH and FADH2 deliver their energy-rich electrons into the electron transport chain (ETC).
Anaerobic respiration a pathway present in some prokaryotes, is remarkably similar to aerobic respiration.
fermentation the reactions of glycolysis still occur, making 2 ATPs by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Photosynthesis light energy is converted into an organic molecule form such as glucose.
light-dependent reactions occur within the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
Calvin cycle, use the energy in ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose
photorespiration sometimes reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis
rubisco, incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Created by: swimmorgan15
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