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microbiology ch7-9
microbial growth, metabolism, genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The principle energy-yielding pathway in animals, most protozoa & fungi, and aerobic bacteria | aerobic respiration |
| What is the chemical formula for glucose? | C6H12O6 |
| bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as fecal material. | detritus |
| free-living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus. | Saprobes |
| What is an obligate saprobe? | Saprobe which exists strictly on dead matter organic matter |
| What are some examples of obligate saprobes? | free-living protozoa, fungi, bacteria |
| The two types of saprobic microorganisms are ___________ & _____________ | obligate and faculative |
| A decomposer of plant litter, animal matter, & dead microbes | saprobic microorganisms |
| Saprobes and parasites are classified as _______________. | chemoheterotrophs |
| ______________ live on/in body of a host which they HARM in som way. | parasites (pathogens) |
| Troph- | means food - ex. trophozoite: the feeding stage of protozoa |
| -phile | to love |
| -obe | to live - ex. microbe: to live small |
| hetero- | other |
| auto- | self |
| photo- | light |
| chemo- | chemical |
| sapro- | rotten - ex. saprobe: an organism that lives on dead organic matter |
| halo- | salt - ex. halophile-an organism that can grow in high-salt environments |
| thermo | heat |
| psychro- | cold |
| aero | air (O2)- ex. aerobe- an organism that uses oxygen in metabolism |
| Any substance that must be provided to an organism | essential nutrient |
| which nutrients are abundant and easy to come by? | macronutrient |
| The majority of Carbon compounds involved in normal structure & metabolism of all cells are _____________. | organic |
| Must obtain carbon in organic forms | heterotrophs |
| What types of heterotrophs are there? | chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs |
| chemoheterotrophs can be further broken down into __________ & ___________ | saprobes and parasites |
| What microbes use inorganic CO2 as their carbon source? | autotrophs |
| Nitrogen's main reservoir | N2 (nitrogen gas)found in the atmosphere |
| What must nitrogen be converted to in order to directly combine with Carbon to sythesize amino acids & other compounds | NH3 |
| _______________ is considered the backbone of RNA and DNA | Nitrogen |
| makes up 20% of the atmosphere | O2 |
| helps dertermine pH, and maintaining of pH; forms temporary bonds between molecules; serves as the source of free energy in odixation-reduction reactions of respiration | Hydrogen |
| If something is basic it ________ hydrogen. If something is acidic, it _____________ hydrogen. | gathers up; readily gives away |
| A key component in nucleic acids | phosphate |
| Elements required for all living things | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Ca, Fd, Na, Cl, Mg |
| ___________ is the fundamental building block of material in living organisms | Carbon. except for hydrogen, carbon can form the most compounds |
| define oxidation | the loss/removal of one or more electrons from a molecule |
| ___________ and ___________'s roles in microbial metabolism are to determine how well a cell comunicates with other cells and how well it transports things across the membrane | potassium and sodium |
| what is a growth factor? | An organic compound that cannot be sythesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient. ex. amino acid, nitrogenous base, |
| calcium is a ___________ of cell walls and endospores | stabilizer |
| Give specific examples of the two classifications of heterotrophs | photoheterotroph- purple/green photosynthetic bacteria, glucose, carbs Chemoheterotrophs-protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals |
| give specific examples of the two types of chemoheterotrophs | saprobe-fungi, bacteria (decomposers) parasite- various parasites & pathogens; can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa,, animals |
| chemotrophs gain energy from | chemical compounds |
| produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. | methanogens ex. archae |
| extracellular digestion process | Enzymes are transported outside the cell to the organic debris. The enzymes hydrolyze the bonds on the nutrients (debris); the now smaller molecules are transported across the wall into the cytoplasm |
| parasites that live on the body | ectoparasites |
| parasites that live in organs and tissues | endoparasites |
| parasites that live within cells | intracellular parasites |
| where do parasites get their nutrients? | from the cells or tissues of a host |
| what is an obligate parasite? | a parasite that is unable to grow outside of a living host |
| what are the types of parasites? | ecto, endo, intracellular, obligate |
| There are 2 types of transport. Active and __________ | passive |
| What type of transport requires little or no energy. How does it move? | passive transport; down its concentration gradient |
| when water moves it is called ____________ | osmosis |
| If the environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal environment it is _____________ | isotonic |
| what happens if a cell is hypotonic? | external solute concentration is lower than the cell's internal environment; the cell walls swell and can burst |
| what are the types of diffusion? | facilitated diffusion, active transport, simple |
| What are the types of active transport? | carrier-mediated active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, group translocation |
| carrier-mediated active transport carries __________________. | one type of molecule |
| What are phagocytosis and pinocytosis categories of? | endoctytosis |
| The type of diffusion when a cell encloses solid particles in its cell membrane and engulfs it | phagocytosis |
| What type of microorganism prefers temperatures between 0-15 degree C and typically won't grow at room temperature? | psychrophiles |
| What are the phsyical requirements for microbial growth? | temperature, gas, acidity level, osmotic pressure |
| What are the chemical requirements for microbial growth? | chonps: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
| Why are pickles and sauerkraut protected from bacteria? | because of their acidity. bacteria grow best at neutral 6.5-7.5 pH |
| What CAN grow in very acidic environments? | Acidophiles |
| an obligate aerobe cannot grow ___________ | without oxygen |
| an aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it | facultative anaerobe |
| microbe that is happy with or without oxygen is | aerotolerant anaerobe |
| The gaining of one or more electrons | reduction |
| What are the general steps of translation? | 1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination 4. protein folding 5. protein processing |
| What are the steps for transcription? | initiation, elongation, termination |
| explain the 1st phase of translation | initiation phase-mRNA molecule leaves DNA transcription site & travels to bind w/ ribosome. Ribosome matches tRNA anticodon sequence to mRNA sequence; |
| the second phase of translation | elongation: Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to the elongating polypeptide chain. |
| The 3rd phase of translation | 4.The ribosome continues until it hits a stop sequence, then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA |
| The 4th & 5th stages of translation | 5.The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional protein in the cell |
| Glycolysis | glucose to pyruvate |
| Aerobic respiration | the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy |
| Aerobic respiration takes place over the course of three major reaction pathways | Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Phosphorylation (chemiosmosis |
| The formation of 2 new cells of approx. equal size as the result of parent cell division | binary fision |
| What is generation /doubling time? | time required for a complete fission cycle from parent cell to two new daughter cells |
| the energy-consuming process of incorporating nutrients into protoplasm thru biosynthesis | anabolism. building up |
| A nucleotide that is the primary source of energy to cells | ATP |
Created by:
microwoman
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