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Research test 2
Nursing Research Research designs quantitative studies ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Research Design | overall plan for answering research questions or testing a hypothesis while maintaining control over extraneous variables in a study |
| Purpose of a Research Design | provides a blueprint for strategies to follow during a study; provides structure for analyzing and evaluating the data obtained |
| Where is the Research Design most commonly found in a report? | The Method Section |
| 3 methods of collecting studies | 1. self report 2. observational 3. physical measurement |
| Types of Quantitative Designs | 1. experimental 2. quasi-experimental 3. non-experimental |
| Characteristics of an Experimental Design (part 1) | -manipulation of independent variables -random selection of subjects -random assignment of subjects to a control group and a treatment group -researcher is an active agent -RCT (randomized controlled design) |
| Characteristics of an Experimental Design (part 2) | -cause must precede the effect -you do something to one group but not to another (manipulating the independent var) -IT IS THE MOST POWERFUL DESIGN B/C OF THE RANDOMNESS -all procedures must go through experimental design 1st |
| goals of an experimental design study | to examine cause and effect of 1 treatment vs. another or no treatment in a setting where randomization is feasible |
| Which is the most powerful design for establishing a cause and effect? | Experimental Design |
| Manipulation | doing something to some of the subj. in a study (treatment grp) & withholding it from other subj in a study (control grp) or doing something to a group via a placebo -acting on the IV then observing the effects on the DV |
| Independent Variable (IV) | the variable believed to be a cause of or to have an influence on the DV; manipulated or treatment variable in an experimental research |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | the variable believed to be an effect of the independent variable; outcome variable in experimental research |
| Control Group | group of subj. in a study who receive no treatment (IV) yet have their performance on the DV evaluated |
| Treatment group | group of subj. in a study who receive a treatment or have a condition manipulated (IV) and then have their performance on the DV evaluated for effectiveness of the treatment or manipulation |
| Random Selection | selection of subj. for a sample to be used in a study on a random basis -each person has an equal chance or probability of being selected -systematic bias regarding attributes not introduced;any differences noted inferred to be a result of the treatme |
| Random Assignment | assignment of subj to either a control group or a treatment group on a random basis **Random assignment is involved in design** |
| which is the most trustworthy and accepted method of equalizing in an experiment? | Random Assignment; but there is no guarantee |
| Determining Randomization | -drawing from a hat -flipping a coin -using a computerized lottery -using a table of random numbers |
| Types of Experimental Designs: Posttest design | observe DV only after treatment; between-subjects design |
| Types of Experimental Designs: Pretest-posttest design | observe DV before and after treatment; between subj design |
| Types of Experimental Designs: Factorial Design | observe main effects and interaction effects of IV factors on DV; between subj design **uses more than one factor** |
| Types of Experimental Designs: Cross-over design | AKA repeated measures design -observe DV after more then one treatment; within subjects design |
| Between-subjects design | a design in which separate groups are being compared (smokers & nonsmokers) |
| within-subjects design | a design in which one group is compared under diff. circumstances or points in time (before surgery/after surgery) |
| Limitations of Experimental Designs | -some variables not amenable to manipulation d/t nature of variables or for ethical reasons -Hawthorne effect: being in a study may cause Ss to change their behavior, obscuring effect of variables |
| Limitations of Experimental Designs | **Ss and researcher could alter behavior, thus may need to conduct a double blind study (both Ss and researcher unaware of who is in treatment and control groups) |
| Characteristics of Quasi-experimental Design | -manipulation of IV -no random selection of Ss -no random assignment of Ss to a control or treatment group -less powerful design for establishing cause and effect -researcher is an active agent |
| Goals of a quasi-experimental design | to examine cause and effect relationships or to evaluate effectiveness of a treatment in a setting where randomization is not feasible |
| Types of Quasi-experimental designs: nonequivalent control group design | observe DV before and after treatment; between subjects design using treatment group and comparison group; no randomization |
| types of quasi-experimental design: time-series design | observe DV over an extended period of time during which treatment is administered; within subjects design; no control group or randomization |
| Characteristics of Non Experimental Design | -no manipulation of IV -no random selection of Ss -no random assignment of Ss to control or treatment group -researcher is passive agent (observer) |
| Which is the least powerful design? | Non-experimental design -it does not involve cause and effect, but rather identification of relationships or differences |
| What is the most common design in nursing studies? | Non-experimental design |
| Goals of a non-experimental design | to describe events, beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, processes, or characteristics or to examine relationships between 2 or more variables |
| Types of non-experimental designs: descriptive design | describe characteristics of ppl. or situations or prevalence and distribution of specific attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge |
| Types of non-experimental designs: correlational design | explore relationship among two or more variables w/o treatment; examine changes or differences over time - may be a retrospective design, a prospective design, a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design |
| Correlational Design | -does not establish cause and effect (smoking and lung cancer) -establishes magnitude of correlation -close to 1.00 (+ or -) = strong correlation -close to 0.00 (+ or -) = weak correlation + = same direction - = opposite direction |
| The following correlations were obtained in several studies. Which has the strongest correlation? a. +.85 b. -.26 c. +.34 d. -.97 | D, A, C, B |
| Retrospective Design | study begins with DV (effect) and looks backward for cause -examine present state resulting from influence of past event (effect to cause) -ex: neonatal sepsis based on mothers poor hygiene |
| Prospective Design | study beings with IV (cause) and looks forward for effect (DV) -examine present event resulting in influencing future state (cause to effect) (ex: use of a high fat diet in Heart study resulting in heart disease) |
| Cross-sectional design | study involves collecting data at one point in time with multiple Ss -examine differences across groups (ex: facial cleansing patterns in teenagers in high school) **weaker than longitudinal **almost always retrospective |
| Longitudinal Design | study involves collecting data from one group of subjects at multiple points in time -examine changes over time **pimarily prospective |
| Extraneous Variables | factors that may influence or confound study results -external factors: related to research situation or environment -intrinsic factors: related to research subjects **need to control by holding conditions constant and uniform to limit effect |
| Control of External Factors | constancy of conditions: minimize potential contaminants during the collection of data; make environment or situation similar for Ss -setting -timing -data collection -instructions -communication patterns (researchers may convey expectations to Ss |
| Control of Intrinsic Factors | -randomization (most effective) -homogenity-- endure Ss are similar (ex: all men, all teenagers) -matching: form comparison groups using Ss characteristics -statistical control (ex: analysis of covariance, repeated measures) |
| research validity | evaluation of the merits of a study to promote correct inferences |
| research validity: internal validity | extent to which evidence supports treatment (IV) is causing or influencing effect (DV), rather than extraneous variables |
| research validity: external validity | extent to which findings are generalizable to other ppl & conditions (adequate sampling, replication of studies w/ diff Ss in diverse settings) |
| threats to internal validity part 1 | history: occurrence of events concurrent with IV that can affect DV selection: biases from preexisting diff. btwn groups maturation: developmental, biological, or psychosocial processes occurring as a result of time, not the IV |
| threats to internal validity part 2 | mortality: loss of SS during the study (attrition) ex: impeachment, earthquake, race riot, CEU program, ad, bombing |
Created by:
lissy11
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