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Duncan Bio Ch. 12c
Protein Synthesis and Mutation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is protein synthesis? | A process that makes proteins |
| What are the 2 main steps in protein synthesis? | DNA----> RNA is TRANSCRIPTION RNA----> PROTEIN IS TRANSLATION |
| Where does Transcription happen? | The nucleus |
| Where does translation happen? | the cytoplasm at the ribosomes |
| Why is transcription of DNA to RNA necessary? | DNA has the instructions for making proteins, but all of the cell's protein making machinery is in the cytoplasm. DNA can't leave the nucleus, but RNA can because it is smaller. So, the DNA instructions for proteins are copied into RNA. |
| What happens during transcription? | DNA is temporarily separated by RNA polymerase, which adds RNA nucleotides to make an mRNA copy of the DNA |
| What enzyme is involved in transcription | RNA polymerase |
| What happens during translation? | mRNA that is made in the nucleus goes out to the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome. Ribosome reads mRNA one codon at a time and signals the correct tRNA to come bring the correct amino acids. Amino acids are connected together with peptide bonds |
| What are proteins made of? | Amino acids hooked together by peptide bonds |
| What are the three kinds of RNA? | messenger RNA= RNA copy of DNA instructions for protein transfer RNA= carries amino acids ribosomal RNA= makes ribosome |
| What are the nucleotide bases found in RNA? | adenine (A) uracil (U) guanine (G) cytosine (C) |
| what is the RNA base pair rule? | A pairs with U G pairs with C |
| Transcribe AND translate the following DNA into mRNA: GCA CCT TGA ATT | CGU GGA ACU UAA ARG-GLY-THR-STOP |
| What is a stop codon? | an mRNA sequence that tells the ribosome to STOP making the protein |
| What is an anti-codon? | Anti-codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to the codon sequence in mRNA. |
| Why is the anti-codon important in translation? | the anti-codon matches with a specific mRNA codon because they are complementary. The anti-codon allows the tRNA to bring the correct amino acid to the correct place in the growing protein chain. |
| what is a mutation? | any change in genetic material (most likely in DNA) |
| What are some effects of mutations? | 1. most have no effect (silent mutations) 2. some cause beneficial mutations (leading to evolution) 3. some cause diseases (like cancer) |
| what are the 4 types of mutations? | Point mutations (happen at one spot in the DNA): subsitutions (switch one base for another); insertions (addition of one or more bases); deletions (deletion of one or more bases) chromosomal mutations: affect number or size of whole chromosomes of DN |
| How can mutations affect a person's children? | Mutations only affect the offspring if the mutations occur in sperm or egg cell DNA. |
Created by:
msduncan
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