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Nutrition
Test 4 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define set-point theory | body has a set point at which it operates best and any deviation is immediately followed by a return to the original weight |
| define overweight | bmi of 25-29.9 |
| define obese | bmi of 30-39 |
| define morbidly obese | bmi of 40 or greater |
| what is essential fat | fat stored in body organs and is necessary for norman physiologic functioning |
| how much essential fat do males need | 3% |
| how much essential fat do females need | 12% |
| body weight is composed of wha 2 things | lean body mass; adipose tissue |
| what is female fat pattern | "gynoid" fat pattern(pear shaped) carry fat in thighs and butt; harder to mobolize;fewer health risk;tend to take on android fat pattern after menapause |
| what is male fat pattern | "android" fat pattern(apple shaped) carry fat in abdominal region; easier to mobilize; greater health risk |
| what 2 methods does adipose tissue use to increase | hypertrophy; hyperplasia |
| define hypertrophy | increase in cell size(seen more in obesity) |
| define hyperplasia | increase in cell number(seen more in morbid obesity) |
| define yo-yo dieting | commonly loosing and gaining weight;common in women |
| is yo-yo dieting good or bad for you | bad |
| what is the recommended rate for weight loss | bmi 27-35=1/2 to 1 lb per wk; bmi 35 or greater=1 to 2 lb per wk |
| what symptom is essential to the diagnosis of anorexia | a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight |
| what symptom is essential to the diagnosis of bulemia | benge eating |
| what are the characteristics of anorexia | lanugo(fine peach fuzz all over body);brittle listless hair; cyanosis of lower extremeties; dry skin; hypothermic |
| what are the complications of anorexia | bradycardia below 60 beats/min; hypotension (systolic) below 70; decreased heart mass; osteopenia; delayed or interrupetd puberty; bone marrow hypoplasia w/2 leukopenia and anemia in 50% of an pt; cardiovascular complications; reduced bp and pulse rate; |
| what are the characteristics of bulemia | russels sign(scarring of back of hand from induced vomiting);enlarged parotid gland; erosion of dental enamel w/increased dental cavities |
| what are the complications of bulemia | mallory-weiss esophageal tear; esophagitis; dehydration from laxative abuse and diuretic abuse; hypokalemia; cardiac arrhythmias; myocardial dammage |
| what diagnoses are included in cardiovascular disease | hypertention(htn); coronary heart disease(chd); stroke; rheumatic heart disease |
| define atherosclerosis | structural and compositional damage in the inner most or intimal layers of the large intestine |
| when does atherosclerosis appear | as early as age 9 |
| what methods are used to diagnos heart disease | ekg; treadmill exercise; thallium scan; ecocardiography; invasixe angiography; cardiac cath |
| what are the treatment options for people with heart disease | tlc diet;medication; medical intervention |
| define tlc diet | diet that encourages soluble fibers and the use of sterol esters; emphasizes grains; cereals; legumes; frutis and veggies; lean meat; poultry, fish and nonfat dairy |
| what type of diet would be appropriate for a patient with heart disease | tlc diet |
| what type of diet wuld be appropriate for a patient with hypertension | DASH diet |
| what type of diet would be appropriate for a patient with conjestive heart failure | sodium restricted diet |
| define hypertension | systolistic blood pressure is greater than 140; diastolic blood pressure is greater thatn 90 |
| what is the DASH diet | low fat eating plan high in fruit, veggies, low-fat dairy foods |
| what is recommended number of servings on DASH diet | dairy-2 to 3; meat-2 or less; fruit/veggie-4 to 5; dried beans/nuts- 4 to 5 |
| name the sodium restricted diets | mild sodium restriction; moderate sodium restriction; no added salt diet; severe sodium restriction; strict sodium restriction |
| sodium restricted diet= | 2g sodium per day;high sodium foods eliminated |
| moderate sodium restriction= | 1g sodium per day; high sodium and moderate sodium foods, table salt, canned or processed foods containing salt, frozen veggies eliminated |
| no added salt diet= | 3g sodium per day; no eliminations |
| strict sodium restriction diet= | 500mg sodium per day; high and moderate sodium foods, table salt, canned and processed foods, table salt eliminated |
| severe sodium restriction | 250mg sodium per day |
| what are the recommended servings for a tlc diet | lean meat, poultry,fish=5oz or less; eggs=less than two yokes per wk, unlimited whites; low-fat dairy=2-3 per wk; fats and oils=6-8tsp per day; beads and cereals=6-8 per day; veggies=3 to 5 per day; fruits=2-4 per day; sweets within daily caloric intake |
| what are the three ways to diagnose diabetes | 1) fasting blood sugar greater than 126; random glucose w/nonfasting greater than 200 plus classic symptoms; oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) |
| what is normal blood sugar range | 70-110mg/dl |
| what are signs and symptoms of diabetes | 3P's are classic symptoms..Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia |
| what are secondary symptoms of diabetes | dehydrationk weight loss, fatigue, blurry vision, slow or confused thinking, and itching in genital areas |
| what labs are significant in a person with diabetes | hemaglobin A1c, bun/creatinine |
| how often should hgb a1c be done | every 3-6 mo on all diabetics |
| define type 1 diabetes | pancreas produces little or no insulin; prone to develop ketosis; must have insulin to stay alive; can occur at any age, but typically occurs in children and young adults before age 25; aka juvenile onset or brittle diabeted |
| define type 2 diabetes | pancreas is producing some insulin, but the amount is not adequate or insulin is not effective in lowering blood glucose because cells are resistant--does not need insulin to live |
| what is long term complication of diabetes | heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy |
| what are signs of neuropathy | shiney skin;hairless |
| peripheral neuropathy | affects hands and feet; always begin in feet; must check feet for any cuts, or submerged items;doctors should be checking feet and clipping toenails |
| autonomic neuropathy | gastropareiss-very little parastalstic action; postural hypotention-drop in blood pressure when u stand up; incontinence; impotence |
| what is a diabetic diet based on | carbohydrates--50% ; should be balanced throughtout the day |
| what is amount of cho serving for diabetic | 15g servings |
| what are free foods for diabetic diet | meats, veggies, fats |
| what foods are considered cho's for diabetic diet | starches, fruits/fruit juices; milk, sweets/sugar |
| what is important to have with snack on diabetic diet | protein |
| what causes any food to be a free food | if it is less than 7g |
| what are risk factors of type 1 diabetes | auto immune disease; damage to pancreas; virus |
| what are risk factors of type II diabetes | age-being over 45; family history; overweight; irregular or no exercise program; low hdl, high triglyceride,ethnic background; history of gestational diabetes |
| with type II diabetes changing lifesyle factors can decrease incidence by wha percentage | 70% |
| what medications are used to control diabetes | oral hypoglycemic agents(oha)--pills; insulins |
| what type of oha meds are used for diabetes | sulfenylureas, biguanides, diasaccharidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones |
| sulfenylureas(oha) | diabeta,glynase,glucotrol,micronase,amaryl;..should be taken 30min before eating--causes pancrease to produce more insulin |
| biguanides(oha) | metformin, glucophage--can be taken with meals or 30 min before meals; may lower cholesterol and triglycerides and promotes weight loss |
| disaccharidase inhibitors(oha) | acarose, precose--should be taken with first bite @ each meal; block enyzmes that break down starches; should not be taken with humalog |
| thiazolidinediones(oha) | actose, avandia--can be taken with food or 30 min before meal; increases insulin sensitivity |
| what thiazolidinedione what taken off market because it caused kidney failure | resilin |
| what insulins are used to control diabetes | humalog(lispro); regular(r); nph(n, lente); Ultra lente, Lantus |
| humalin | rapid acting insulin; only insulin taken with first bite of food; 1unit can lower glucose up to 50 points |
| regular (r) | short acting insulin;take 30 min before eating |
| nph (n, lente) | intermediate acting insulin |
| ultra lente,lantus | long acting insulin; lantus is better ultra lente |
| 70/30 inlulin mix | 70% nph 30% r |
| 50/50 insulin mix | 50% n 50%r |
| 75/25 insulin mix | 75%n 25% humalog |
| poor mans pump | use ultralente or lantus for basal, then dose with humalog insulin pump; chould change site every 48 to 72 hours |
| what is methof of mixing insulins | clear to cloudy |
| how long does insulin remain stable | 30 days at room temp after opening |
| for every 100 lb what is normal percentage of fat | 20-25% |
| where is fat stored | under skin and around organs |
| fat cells can expand up to ___ times their normal size | 100x |
| short term regulation | involves apetite, hunger, and satiety |
| long term egulation | involves a feedback mechanism; lets the body know when normal composition has been disturbed |
| how long shold new weight be maintained to change set point body weight | 1year |
| PYY336 | hormone secreted in intestine after eating; tells brain that you are full |
| ghrelin | hormone secreted in stomach; promotes hunger |
| leptin | hormon that tells brain to stop eating |
| neuropeptide y | hormon released in brain |
| plateau effect | loose certain amount of weight and then stop |
| what method is used to get through plateau effect | cut calories and incease activities |
| what 4 things should all good diet programs have | exercise; behaivor modification; nutritional education; psyschological support |
| what medications are used to promote weight loss | meridia, orlistat(zenical, alli); |
| how long can meridia be used | up to 1 year |
| how long can orlistat be used | up to 2 years |
| what medications are used to control heart disease | statins-inhibit cholesterol production in liver; cholestyramine-works well with statins; nicotinic acid lowers total , ldl, and tg, raises hdl; fibric acid--lower tg |
| what type of medical intervention is used for heart disease | ptca-aka ballon--breaks up plaque deposits; stents--wire mesh inserted in artery to hold open; rotorooter--plaque broken up with laser; cabg--vein from leg used to bypass blockage to heart |
| what cardiovasuclar diseade is often called silent killer | hypertension |
| define primary hypertension | cause cannot be determined |
| define secondary hypertension | caused by another disease |
| define conjestive heart failure | heart loses the ability to provide bood flow to the rest of the body |
| how does the heart compensate for decreased cardiac output | increasing the force of contraction; increasing in size; pumping more often; stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium and water |
| what are symptoms of chf | shortness of breat all the time; enlarged liver; naseua; confusion; lower extremety edema |
| what is treatment for chf | diuretcs(lasix); vasodilators ang glycosides |
Created by:
Shevina
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