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Nervous System2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of glial cells | support, insulate, protect, and nourish neurons, coordinate activities among neurons, and digest dead neurons |
| Astrocytes | phagocytic, create blood-brain barrier, regulate potentials, increase blood flow to active ares of the brain |
| Oligodendrocytes | form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system, insulate neurons |
| Ependymal cells | line cavities of the CNS, secrete cerebrospinal fluid, source of new neurons and glial cells |
| Microglia | phagocytic, migrate to sites of neuron injury |
| Sodium/Potassium Pump | transports K into neuron (2) and Na(3) ions out |
| Saltatory Conduction | conduction in myelinated neurons. The slow process of depolarization occurs at nodes of Ranvier, rapid electrical conduction occurs through the cytoplasm between the nodes |
| Excitatory Synapse | neurotransmitter increases permeability of the receiving neuron to sodium bringing neuron closer to threshhold neurotransmitter increases permeability of receiving neuron to potassium or cholride (into neuron) driving neuron father from threshold |
| Neural Plasticity | the fact that individual neurons can change their sensitivity to stimulation by changes at synapses |
| Neuromodulators | chemicals that gradually change the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters, mostly by changing their number of receptors |
| Integrator | aggregation of neurons where incoming signals are summed and evaluated and outgoing signals are generated, most are interneurons |
| Afferent neurons Efferent neurons | sensory, neurons that transmit signals from a sensory organ to an integrator motor, neurons that transmit signals from a integrator to a motor organ such as a muscle |
| Ganglion Nucleus | aggregation of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord aggregation of neuron cell bodies inside brain and spinal cord |
| Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system | stimuli we are aware of, sensory neurons going from receptors for external stimuli to the CNS, plus motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles sensory neurons going from receptors for internal stimuli to the CNS, involuntary actions |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | autonomic motor neurons emerging from brain and sacral region of the spinal cord, resting and restorative functions, uses acetycholine as a neurotransmitter |
| Sympathetic nervous system | autonomic motor neurons emerging from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, stimulates emergency responses, "fight or flight", chain of ganglia along the spinal cord, uses nonepinephrine |
| Hindbrain | oldest part of the brain, cerebellum, pons, medulla |
| Midbrain | inferior colliculi (auditory functions) and the superior colliculi (visual functions) |
| Forebrain | newest part of the brain, largest in mammals and birds, conatins the cerebrum, thalmus, and hypothalmus in humans |
| Meninges | series of three membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord |
| Ventricles | series of cavities in the interior of the brain |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | fluid that circulates between the meninges and through the ventricles of the bran. It cushions shock and exchanges nutrients between the brain and the blood |
| Medulla Oblongata | controls involuntary reflexes like blood pressure, breathing, coughing, swallowing, and sneezing |
| Pons | controls breathing, data transfer from one part of brain to another, has a role in sleep and in coordination of slow, large-scale body movements like walking and breathing. |
| Thalmus | routing and coordination center for sensory impulses, except sense of smell. sends to limbic system and cerebrum |
| Hypothalmus | contols temp, salt and water regulations, biological rhythms, and basic drives such as hunger, thirst, sexual desire, and perhaps sexual orientation. controls hormone secretion |
| cerebellum | governs muscle tone, posture, equilibrium, muscular coordination, and some learned movements like violin fingering |
| hippocampus | learning and retrieving memories, especially verbal and emotional ones |
| amygdala | generates emotions from perceptions and thoughts, involved in associating emotions with memory, signals danger, has some role in picking up social cues |
| cerebrum | controls most sensory and motor functions and all higher thought |
| cerebral cortex | the outer 5mn of the cerebrum, contains 10 billion neurons |
| neocortex | layer of complex cerebral cortex found in mammals and some reptiles |
| prefrontal lobes of cortex | ability to think though actions and carry out complex projects |
| somatosensory cortex | region of the cortex in which the sensory neurons coming from various regions of the body create a distorted map of the body , in which the size of the part is proportional to the sensory input from that part |
| somatomotor cortex | region of the cortex in which the motor neurons goign to various regions of the body create a distorted map of the body in which the size of the part is propotional to the complexity of motor output to that part |
| Broca's area | motor functions related to speech, may be depressed in postraumatic stress disorder |
| Wernicke's area | comprehension of written and spoken language |
| Left cerebral hemisphere | language skills and calculation ability |
| corpus callosum | tract of neurons connecting the left and right sides of the cerebrum |
| Limbic system | part of cerebrum, thalmus, hypothalmus, hippocampus, amygdala, plus other parts of the brian. emotional reactions and emotions associated with memories plus motivation by expectation of reward |
| reticular formation | chain of up to 90 nuclei up the center of the medulla and pons, and radiating outward from there. receives signals from other parts of the brain, and is thought to keep the cortex awake by sending a stream of signals to it |
| reverberating circuit | a circle of neurons that continue to stimulate each other until they either run out of neurotransmitters or some of the neurons get involved in other activities |
| sensitization | inc. in amount of neurotransmitter released from axon by a sending cell |
| Inhibitory synapse | neurotransmitter increases permeability of receiving neuron to potassium or cholride (into neuron) driving neuron father from threshold |
| Right cerebral hemisphere | spatial perception, creativity, musical ability, and nonverbal skills |
| habituation | dec in the amount of neurotransmitter released from an axon, inactivation of calcium channels |
Created by:
mameado
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