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CH-281: Ch. 6
Ch. 6: Membranes and Transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active transport | the mechanism by which ions and moleculues move against the concetnration gradient across a membrane, from the side with the lower concentratino to the side with the higher concentration |
| Antiport/ exchange diffusion | a secondary active transport mechansim in which a molecule moves through a membrane channel into a cell and powers the active transport of a second molecule out of the cell |
| Aquaporin | a specialize protein channel that facilitates diffusion of water through cell membranes |
| Bilayer | a membrane with two molecular layer |
| Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) | mechanism by which extracellular water is taken into a cell together with any molecules that happen to be in solution in the water |
| Calcium pump | pump that pushes calcium from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior, and also from the cytosol into the vesicles of the ER. |
| Carrier protein | trnasport protein that binds a specific single solute and transports it across the lipid bilayer |
| Cell adhesion protein | protein that binds cells together by recognizing and binding receptors or chemical groups on other cells or on the extracellular matrix |
| Channel protein | transport protein that forms a hydrophilic channle in a cell membrane through which water, ions, or other molecules can pass, depending on the protein |
| Cholesterol | the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes |
| Clathrin | the network of proteins that coat and reinforce the cytoplasmic surface of cell membranes |
| Coated pit | a depression in teh plasma membrane that contains reeceptors for macromolecules to be taken up by endocytosis |
| Concentration gradient | the concentration difference that drives diffusion |
| Cotransport | the transport of two molecules in the same direction across a membrane |
| Diffusion | the net movement of ions or molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Electrochemical gradient | a difference in chemical concentration and electic potential across a membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion | mechanism by which polar and charged molecules diffus across membranes with the help of transport proteins |
| Fluid mosaic model | model proposing that the membrane consist of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded an float freely |
| Freeze-fracture technique | technique in which experimenter freeze block of cells rapidly, then fracture the block to split the lipid bilayer and expose the hydrophobic membrane interior |
| Gate Channel | Ion transporter in a membrane that switches between open, closed, or intermediate states |
| Glycolipid | a lipid molecule with carbohydrate groups attached |
| Glycoprotein | a protein with carbohydrate groups attached |
| Hydrogen pumps | pumps that move hydrogen ions across membranes and push hydrogen ions across the plasma membrane from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior |
| Hypertonic | solution containing dissolved substances at higher concetnration than the cells it surrounds |
| Hypotonic | solution containing dissolved substances at lower concentration than the cells it surrounds |
| Integral protein | protein embedded in a phospholipid bilayer |
| Isotonic | equal concentration of water inside and ouside cells |
| Membrane potential | an electrical voltage that measures the potential inside a cell membrane relative to the fluid just outside; it is negative under resting conditions and becomes positive during an action potential |
| Sodium/potassium pump | pump that pushes 3Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ into the cell in the same pumping cycle |
| Osmosis | the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients, a pressure gradient, or both |
| Osmotic pressure | a state of dynamic equilibrium in which the pressure of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane exactly balances the tendency of water molecules to diffuse passively from the other side of the membrane due to a concentration gradient |
| Passive Transport | the transport of substancs across cell membranes without expenditure of energy, as in diffusion |
| Peripheral protein | protein held to membrane surfaces by noncovalent bonds formed with the polar parts of integral membrane proteins or membrane lipids |
| Phagocytosis | process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down |
| Plasma membrane | the outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substance moving into and out of cells |
| Plasmolysis | condition due to outward osmotic movement of water, in which plant cells shrink so much that they retract from their walls |
| Primary active transport | transport in which the same protein that transports a substance also hydrolyzes ATP to power the transport directly |
| Proton pump (H+ pump) | pump that moves hydrogen ions across membranes and pushes hydrogen ions across the plasma membrane from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior |
| Receptor protein | protein that recognizes and binds form other cells that act as chemical signals |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | The selective uptake of macromolecules that bind to cell surface receptors concentrated in clathrin-coated pits |
| Recognition protein | protein in the plasma membrane that identifies a cell as part of the same individual or as foreign |
| Secondary active transport | transport indirectly driven by ATP hydrolysis |
| Selectively permeable | membranes that selectively allow, impede, or block the passage of atoms and molecules |
| Simple Diffusion | mechanism by which certain small substances diffus through the lipid part of a biological membrane |
| Symport (cotransport) | the transport of two molecules in the same direction across a membrane. AKA cotransport |
| Transport | the controlled movement of ions and molecules form ones side of a membrane to the other |
| Transport protein | aprotein embedded in the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane |
| Turgor pressure | the internal hydrostatic pressure within plant cells |
Created by:
srooker
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