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CH-281: Ch. 5
Ch. 5: The Cell: An Overview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adherens Junction | animal cell junction in which intermediate filaments are the anchoring cytoskeletal component |
| Amyloplast | colorless plastid that stores starch in plants |
| Anchoring junction | cell junction that forms belts that run entriely around cells, "welding" adjacent cells together |
| Bacterial flagellum | a long, threadlike, cellular appendage responsible for movement; found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but with different structures and modes of locomotion |
| Basal body | structure that anchors cilia and flagella to the surface of a cell |
| Capsule | an external layer of sticky or slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall in many prokaryotes |
| Cell adhesion molecule | a cell surface protein responsible for selectively binding cells together |
| Cell center | the main microtubule organizing center of a cell, which organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles |
| Cell junction | junction that seals the spaces between cells and provides direct communication between cells |
| Cell theory | three generalization yielded by microscopic observations: all organisms are composed of one or more cell; the cell is the smallest unit that has the properties of life; and cells arise only from the growth and division of preexisting cells |
| Cell wall | a rigid external layer of material surrounding the plasma membrane of cells in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists, providing cell protection and support |
| Central vacuoles | large vesicles identified as distinct organelles of plant cells |
| Centriole | a cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets of microtubules in the centrosomes of most animal cells |
| Centrosome | the min microtubule organizing center of a cell, which organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles |
| Chloroplast | sthe site of photosynthesis in plant cells |
| Chromatin | any assemblage of eukaryotic nuclear DNA molecules and their associated proteins |
| Chromoplast | plastid containing red and yellow pigments |
| Cisternae | membranous channels and vesicles that make up the ER |
| Crista | fold tha expands the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Cytoplasm | all the parts of the cell that surround the central nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid region (prokaryotes) |
| Cytoskeleton | the interconnected system of protein fibers and tubes that extends throughout the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
| Cytosol | aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules |
| Desmosome | Anchoring junction for which microfilaments anchor the junction in the underlying cytoplasm |
| Electron microscope | microsscope that uses elecron to illuminate the specimen |
| Endocytic vesicle | vesicle that carries proteins and other moleculues from the plasma membrane to destinations withing the cell |
| Endomembrane system | in eukaryotes, a collection of interrelated nternal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | in eukaryotes, an extensive interconeected network of cisternae that is responsible for the synthese, transport, and initial modification of proteins and lipids |
| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) lumen | the enclosed space surrounded by a cisterna |
| Eukaryote | organims in which the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus |
| Eukaryotic chromosome | a DNA molecule, with its associated proteins,in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| Exocytosies | ineukarotes, the process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicle contents to the exterior |
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) | a molecular system that supports and protects cells and provides mechanical linkages |
| Flagellum | a long, threadlike, cellular appendage responsible for movement; found in both prokarotes and eukaryotes, but with different structures and modes of locomotion |
| Gap junction | junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another |
| Glycocalyx | a carb coat covering the cell surface |
| Golgi complex | in eukaryotes, the organelle responsible for the final modification, sorting and distribution of proteins and lipids |
| Granum | structure in the chloroplasts of higher plants formed by thylakoids stacked one on top of another |
| Inner boundary membrane | membrane lying just inside the outer boundary membrane of a chlorpllast, enclosing the stroma |
| Inner mitochondrial membrane | membrane surrounding the mitochondrial matrix |
| Intermediate filament | a cytoskeletal filament about 10nm in diameter that provides mechanical strength to cells in tissues |
| Light microscope | microsope that uses light to illuminate the specimen |
| lysosome | membrane bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes fro the digestion of many complex molecules |
| Magnification | the ratio of an object as viewed to its real size |
| Microbody | small, membrane-bound organelle that carries out vital reaction linking metabolic pathways |
| Microfilament | a cytoskeletal filament composed of actin |
| Microscope | insturment of microscopy with different magnifications and resolutions of specimens |
| Microscopy | technique for producing visible images of objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye |
| Microtubule | a cytoskeletal compoonent formed by the polymerization of tubulin into rigid, hollow rods about 25nm in diameter |
| Middle lamella | layer of gel-like polysaccharides that holds together wall of adjacent plant cells |
| Mitochondrial matrix | the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion |
| Mitochondrion | membrane-bound organelle responsible for synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells |
| Nuclear envelope | ineukaryotes, membranes separting the nuclus from the cytoplasm |
| Nuclear localization signal | a short amino acid sequence in a protein that directs the protein to the nucleus |
| Nuclear pore complex | a large, octagonally symmetricl, cylindrical structure that functions to exchange moleculues between the nucleus and cytoplasm and prevents the transport of material not meant to cross the nuclear membrane. |
| Nucleoid | the central region of a prokarotic cel with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replication of RNA transcription occur |
| Nucleolus | the nuclear site of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes |
| Nucleoplasm | the liquid or semiliquid substance within the nucleus |
| Nucleus | the central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes form the surrounding cytoplasm, wehre DNA replication and messenger RNA transcription occur |
| Organelles | the nucleus and other specialize internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells |
| Outer mitochondrial membrane | the smooth membrane covering the outside of a mitochondrion |
| Peroxisome | microbody that produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product |
| Phagocytosis | process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down |
| Pilus | a hair or hairlike appendage on the surface of a prokaryote |
| Plasma membrane | the outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substances moving into and out of cells |
| Plasmodesma | a minute channel that perforates a cell wall and contains extensions of the cytoplasm that directly connect adjacent plant cells |
| Plastids | a family of plant orgaelles that includes chloroplasts, amylopplasts, and chromoplasts |
| Primary cell wall | the initial cell wall laid down by a plant cell |
| Prokaryote | organism in which the DNA is suspended in the cell interior without weparation from other cellular components by discret membrane |
| Prokaryotic chromosome | a single, typically circular DNA molecule |
| Resolution | the minimum distance two points in a specimen can be separated and still be seen as two points |
| Ribosome | a ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids |
| Rough ER | endoplasmic reticulum with many ribosomes studding its outer surface |
| Secondary cell wall | a layer added to the cell wall of plants that is more rigid and may become many times thicker than the primary cell wall |
| Secretory vesicle | vesicle that transports proteins to the plasma membrane |
| Slime layer | a coat typically composed of polysaccharides that is loosely associated with bacterial cells |
| Smooth ER | endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached to its membrane surfaces. functions to synthesize lipids that become part of cell membranes |
| Tight junction | region of tight connection between membranes of adjacent cells |
| Tonoplast | the membrane that surrounds the central vacuole in a plant cell |
| Vesicle | a small, membrane-bound compartment that transfers substances between parts of the endomembrane system |
Created by:
srooker
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